所有卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎(PCP)患者均需抗生素治疗,但治疗方案根据病情严重程度而定。[89]Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al. An official american thoracic society statement: treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/183/1/96.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193785?tool=bestpractice.com成人和儿童卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎(PCP)的严重程度分级如下:
最常接受PCP治疗的患者:
HIV阳性的成人或青少年。
HIV阴性的成人或青少年,但存在免疫功能低下。
HIV阳性或存在HIV感染风险的儿童。
治疗PCP的疗程:HIV阳性患者21天,其他患者14-21天。
成人或青少年:HIV阳性
当怀疑PCP时,即使无明确诊断,也应立即启动治疗。如果可能应明确病因,因为可能存在表现类似的其他机会感染。[43]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines (last accessed 5 June 2016).http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf治疗后,痰液、体液、组织中仍有可能存在病原体。
轻度到中度PCP
室内空气状态下,当PO2≥70mmHg或肺泡-动脉(A-a)氧分压差≤35mmHg。
治疗选择静脉注射或口服甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑(TMP/SMX)。[43]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines (last accessed 5 June 2016).http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf[90]Hughes W, Leoung G, Kramer F, et al. Comparison of atovaquone (566C80) with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to treat Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1521-1527.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8479489?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Safrin S, Finkelstein DM, Feinberg J, et al. Comparison of three regimens for treatment of mild to moderate Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. A double-blind, randomized, trial of oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, dapsone-trimethoprim, and clindamycin-primaquine. ACTG 108 Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124:792-802.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8610948?tool=bestpractice.com死亡率和治疗失败:高质量的证据表明,甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑(TMP/SMX)较阿托伐醌能更有效地降低死亡率。TMP/SMX与克林霉素联合伯氨喹、静脉注射喷他脒及甲氧苄氨嘧啶联合氨苯砜在降低死亡率方面的疗效相似。高质量的证据表明,TMP/SMX较阿托伐醌能更有效地防止治疗失败。TMP/SMX与克林霉素联合伯氨喹、静脉注射喷他脒及甲氧苄氨嘧啶联合氨苯砜在防止治疗失败方面的效果类似。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。不良反应常见于HIV阳性患者。
无法耐受TMP/SMX、无法给予支持治疗和治疗失败的患者可进行替代治疗。由于患者的症状和体征常在治疗3-5天内恶化,因此如果患者临床症状在治疗4-8天恶化认为是治疗失败。
替代治疗包括氨苯砜加甲氧苄氨嘧啶,死亡率和治疗失败:有中等质量的证据表明,甲氧苄氨嘧啶联合氨苯砜降低PCP患者死亡率和防止治疗失败的疗效与克林霉素联合伯氨喹相似。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。克林霉素加伯氨喹啉死亡率和治疗失败:有高质量的证据表明,克林霉素联合伯氨喹降低PCP患者的死亡率和预防治疗失败的疗效与甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑(TMP/SMX)相似。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。或阿托伐醌。死亡率和治疗失败:有高质量的证据表明,对于PCP患者,阿托伐醌降低死亡率的效果较甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑(TMP/SMX)小,且较TMP/SMX相比,不能更有效地防止治疗失败。然而,目前共识认为,对于不能使用TMP/SMX患者,给予阿托伐醌可以使其受益。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。在使用伯氨喹或氨苯砜之前,如有可能,所有患者都应检查葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)是否缺乏。阿托伐醌不应与利福平或利福布丁联合使用。[92]Benfield T, Atzori C, Miller RF, et al. Second-line salvage treatment of AIDS-associated Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia: a case series and systematic review. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;48:63-67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18360286?tool=bestpractice.com
PCP疗程推荐为21天。[43]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines (last accessed 5 June 2016).http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf
中度至重度PCP
室内空气状态下,当PO2<70mmHg或肺泡-动脉(A-a)氧分压差>35mmHg。
患者临床检查出现呼吸功能不全症状,如气促、发绀、心动过速、使用辅助呼吸肌或出现血流动力学改变,应立即送入医院,如果需要进行侵入性或非侵入性机械通气要考虑送入ICU。
治疗选择静脉TMP/SMX联合皮质类固醇。[93]Bozzette SA, Sattler FR, Chiu J, et al. A controlled trial of early adjunctive treatment with corticosteroids for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. California Collaborative Treatment Group. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1451-1457.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2233917?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Bozzette SA. The use of corticosteroids in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. J Infect Dis. 1990;162:1365-1369.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2230267?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Gagnon S, Boota AM, Fischl MA, et al. Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1444-1450.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2233916?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Montaner JS, Lawson LM, Levitt L, et al. Corticosteroids prevent early deterioration in patients with moderately severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:14-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2190515?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Nielsen TL, Eeftinck Schattenkerk JK, Jensen BN, et al. Adjunctive corticosteroid therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS: a randomized European multicenter open label study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1992;5:726-731.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1613673?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Walmsley S, Levinton C, Brunton J, et al. A multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive corticosteroids in the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia complicating the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1995;8:348-357.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7882099?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Ewald H, Raatz H, Boscacci R, et al. Adjunctive corticosteroids for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(4):CD006150.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006150.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25835432?tool=bestpractice.com临床证据表明,在这些患者中应用糖皮质激素辅助治疗有助于减少1-3个月死亡率和机械通气的使用。[99]Ewald H, Raatz H, Boscacci R, et al. Adjunctive corticosteroids for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(4):CD006150.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006150.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25835432?tool=bestpractice.com短疗程的治疗通常不会导致明显的免疫功能低下。
无法耐受TMP/SMX、无法给予支持治疗和治疗失败的患者可进行替代治疗。由于患者的症状和体征常在治疗3-5天内恶化,因此如果患者临床症状在治疗4-8天恶化认为是治疗失败。
替代治疗方案包括克林霉素加伯氨喹啉,死亡率和治疗失败:有高质量的证据表明,克林霉素联合伯氨喹降低PCP患者的死亡率和预防治疗失败的疗效与甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑(TMP/SMX)相似。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。或静脉注射喷他脒死亡率和治疗失败:有中等质量的证据表明,静脉注射喷他脒降低PCP患者死亡率和防止治疗失败的疗效与甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑(TMP/SMX)相似。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。,都需要加激素辅助治疗。喷他脒较克林霉素加伯氨喹联合治疗更有效,但患者对后者的耐受性一般更好。一些证据表明,联合克林霉素和伯氨喹可能是最有效的挽救疗法,但尚未在经历 TMP/SMX 治疗失败患者的前瞻性临床试验中获得证实。[43]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines (last accessed 5 June 2016).http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf在使用伯氨喹之前,如有可能,所有患者都应检查葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)是否缺乏。三甲曲沙曾用作抢救治疗,但现已不再使用。
PCP疗程推荐为21天。[43]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines (last accessed 5 June 2016).http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf
已感染HIV或存在感染风险的儿童
所有可疑的儿童PCP患者都应立即接受检查和治疗。
轻度到中度PCP
室内空气状态下,当PO2≥70mmHg或肺泡-动脉(A-a)氧分压差≤35mmHg。
抗生素首选静脉注射或口服TMP/SMX。
如果儿童不能耐受TMP/SMX或治疗5-7后临床治疗失败,可选用二线治疗方案,包括静脉注射喷他脒、阿托伐醌、氨苯砜加甲氧苄氨嘧啶或伯氨喹加克林霉素。[42]National Institutes of Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society; American Academy of Pediatrics. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children. 2013. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines (last accessed 5 June 2016).http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/oi_guidelines_pediatrics.pdf在使用伯氨喹或氨苯砜之前,如有可能,所有患者都应检查葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)是否缺乏。
PCP疗程推荐为21天。
中度至重度PCP
室内空气状态下,当PO2<70mmHg或肺泡-动脉(A-a)氧分压差>35mmHg。
儿童应住院,可能需要转入ICU并进行机械通气。
中度至重度患者首选治疗是TMP/SMX联和皮质类固醇。
无法耐受TMP/SMX、无法给予支持治疗和治疗失败的患者可进行替代治疗。
PCP疗程推荐为21天。
应当指出的是,PCP很少HIV阴性或免疫功能低下的儿童,目前没有针对此类患者的治疗指南。
成人或青少年:HIV阴性,但免疫功能低下
HIV阴性患者发生PCP首选治疗也是TMP/SMX或静脉注射喷他脒。替代治疗类似于HIV阳性患者。[89]Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al. An official american thoracic society statement: treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/183/1/96.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193785?tool=bestpractice.com
与HIV阳性患者相比,TMP/SMX不良反应在HIV阴性患者较少。[100]Wazir JF, Ansari NA. Pneumocystis carinii infection. Update and review. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2004;128:1023-1027.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15335253?tool=bestpractice.comHIV阴性PCP患者使用糖皮质激素辅助治疗一直存在争议,一项回顾性报告显示免疫抑制成人患者随着糖皮质激素应用增加,其恢复也更快。[21]Pareja JGR, Garland R, Koziel H. Use of adjunctive corticosteroids in severe adult non-HIV Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest. 1998;113:1215-1224.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9596297?tool=bestpractice.com
HIV阴性患者治疗疗程为14-21天。[20]Gilmartin GS, Koziel H. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in adult non-HIV disorders. J Intensive Care Med. 2002;17:283-301.[100]Wazir JF, Ansari NA. Pneumocystis carinii infection. Update and review. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2004;128:1023-1027.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15335253?tool=bestpractice.com
一级预防
无PCP临床症状和体征,但HIV阳性、存在HIV感染风险或免疫功能低下的患者,是否需要进行PCP一级预防依赖于临床特点。
成人或青少年:HIV阳性
以下HIV阳性患者虽然无PCP的症状和体征,仍需要进行一级预防:[43]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines (last accessed 5 June 2016).http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf
甲氧苄啶/磺胺二甲恶唑可选为预防性用药,没有禁忌证。预防:有质量差的证据表明,在减少PCP发病率方面,甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑(TMP/SMX)可能比雾化喷他脒和氨苯砜(联合或联合乙胺嘧啶)疗效跟高。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。无法耐受甲氧苄啶/磺胺二甲恶唑,其他选择有氨苯砜、氨苯砜加乙胺嘧啶、阿托伐醌、阿托伐醌加乙胺嘧啶或雾化喷他脒。
当患者免疫重建时和连续3个月的CD4细胞计数超过200个细胞/μl要暂停卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎的一级预防。[43]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines (last accessed 5 June 2016).http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf当某些患者服用抗逆转录病毒药物治疗后处于病毒载量抑制期和CD4细胞计数100-200个细胞/μl时,要暂停PCP的一级预防,但这并不被推荐。[44]Opportunistic Infections Project Team of the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research in Europe (COHERE), Mocroft A, Reiss P, et al. Is it safe to discontinue primary Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis in patients with virologically suppressed HIV infection and a CD4 cell count <200 cells/microL? Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:611-619.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20645862?tool=bestpractice.com尽管免疫重建,但对于仍有发生PCP危险的患者应在生活中继续进行预防。
已感染HIV或存在感染风险的儿童
成人或青少年:HIV阴性,但免疫功能低下
二级预防
PCP患者中已经接受治疗或无症状者需要进行二级预防,治疗方案与一级预防每组患者相同。
HIV阳性患者感染PCP时需要进行二级预防,应与PCP治疗同时进行,并在治疗停止后仍继续预防,当进行抗逆转录病毒疗法重建免疫时,可暂停二级预防。[42]National Institutes of Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society; American Academy of Pediatrics. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children. 2013. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines (last accessed 5 June 2016).http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/oi_guidelines_pediatrics.pdf[43]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines (last accessed 5 June 2016).http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf[101]Benson CA, Kaplan JE, Masur H, et al. Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:S131.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_3/S131.full
当患者免疫重建且CD4细胞计数连续3个月超过200个细胞/μl时,可停止二级预防。尽管免疫重建,但对于仍有发生PCP危险的患者应在生活中继续进行预防。