卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎(PCP)在HIV阳性患者中可以通过高活性抗逆转录病毒疗法(HAART)预防,HAART以期达到恢复和维持免疫功能的目标。[41]Green H, Paul M, Vidal J, et al. Prophylaxis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in immunocompromised non-HIV-infected patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2007;82:1052-1059.[42]National Institutes of Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society; American Academy of Pediatrics. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children. 2013. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines (last accessed 5 June 2016).http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/oi_guidelines_pediatrics.pdf[43]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines (last accessed 5 June 2016).http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf
存在感染PCP的高危患者(如下)需要进行专业的一级预防治疗,并行HAART治疗(适用于行HAART患者)。
成人或青少年,HIV阳性
以下HIV阳性患者虽然无PCP的症状和体征,仍需要进行一级预防:[43]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines (last accessed 5 June 2016).http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf
甲氧苄啶/磺胺二甲恶唑可选为预防性用药,没有禁忌证。无法耐受甲氧苄啶/磺胺二甲恶唑,其他选择有氨苯砜、氨苯砜加乙胺嘧啶、阿托伐醌、阿托伐醌加乙胺嘧啶或雾化喷他脒。
当患者免疫重建时和连续3个月的CD4细胞计数超过200个细胞/μl要暂停卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎的一级预防。[43]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines (last accessed 5 June 2016).http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf当某些患者服用抗逆转录病毒药物治疗后处于病毒载量抑制期和CD4细胞计数100-200个细胞/μl时,要暂停PCP的一级预防,但这并不被推荐。[44]Opportunistic Infections Project Team of the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research in Europe (COHERE), Mocroft A, Reiss P, et al. Is it safe to discontinue primary Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis in patients with virologically suppressed HIV infection and a CD4 cell count <200 cells/microL? Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:611-619.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20645862?tool=bestpractice.com尽管免疫重建,但对于仍有发生PCP危险的患者应在生活中继续进行预防。
已感染HIV或存在感染风险的儿童
以下情况的儿童建议进行PCP预防:
甲氧苄啶/磺胺二甲恶唑可选为预防性用药,没有禁忌证。无法耐受甲氧苄啶/磺胺二甲恶唑,其他选择有氨苯砜、阿托伐醌或雾化喷他脒。
母亲HIV阳性的新生儿在出生4-6周内需要进行TMP/SMX预防治疗,直至确定其不会感染HIV。出生时已感染HIV的婴儿需要在其出生一年内接受治疗直至其CD4细胞计数达到该年龄阶段的正常范围。
高活性抗逆转录病毒疗法(HAART)6个月后,CD4细胞计数≥200个细胞/μl或CD4细胞百分比≥15%,可以考虑暂停PCP预防。[42]National Institutes of Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society; American Academy of Pediatrics. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children. 2013. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines (last accessed 5 June 2016).http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/oi_guidelines_pediatrics.pdf
成人或青少年,HIV阴性,但免疫功能低下
尽管有证据显示存在人与人之间传播,但与PCP患者进行呼吸道隔离目前尚并无推荐。[43]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines (last accessed 5 June 2016).http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf[46]Helweg-Larsen J, Tsolaki AJ, Miller RF, et al. Clusters of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: analysis of person-to-person transmission by genotyping. QJM. 1998;91:813-820.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10024946?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Olsson M, Lidman C, Latouche S, et al. Identification of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis gene sequences in filtered air in hospital environments. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:1737-1740.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9620410?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Schmoldt S, Schuhegger R, Wendler T, et al. Molecular evidence of nosocomial Pneumocystis jiroveci transmission among 16 patients after kidney transplantation. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:966-971.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216217?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Morris A, Beard CB, Huang L. Update on the epidemiology and transmission of Pneumocystis carinii. Microbes Infect. 2002;4:95-103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11825780?tool=bestpractice.com
疫苗现处于发展阶段。[50]Zheng M, Shellito JE, Marrero L, et al. CD4+ T cell-independent vaccination against Pneumocystis carinii in mice. J Clin Invest. 2001;108:1469-1474.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11714738?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Wells J, Haidaris CG, Wright TW, et al. Active immunization against Pneumocystis carinii with a recombinant P. carinii antigen. Infect Immunol. 2006;74:2446-2448.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16552076?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Theus SA, Smulian AG, Steele P, et al. Immunization with the major surface glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii elicits a protective response. Vaccine. 1998;16:1149-1157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9682373?tool=bestpractice.com