HIV阳性患者卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎(PCP)的总生存率有所提高。[109]Dworkin MS, Hanson DL, Navin TR. Survival of patients with AIDS, after diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, in the United States. J Infect Dis. 2001;183:1409-1412.http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/183/9/1409.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11294675?tool=bestpractice.com成人和青少年艾滋病谱计划中,12个月的生存率从1992/1933年的40%增加至1996/1998年的63%。造成生存率低的因素包括之前感染PCP史、CD4细胞计数低(<50个细胞/μl)、CD4细胞比例<15%和年龄<60岁。
1995年至1997年之间,3大学术中心的HIV阳性PCP患者总住院死亡率为11.3%。[110]Arozullah AM, Yarnols PR, Weinstein RA, et al. A new preadmission staging system for predicting inpatient mortality from HIV-associated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the early highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:1081-1086.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10764294?tool=bestpractice.com导致死亡率增加的因素有:
A-a梯度增加
低白蛋白血症
非法使用毒品
呼吸频率增加
之前进行结核分枝杆菌感染预防
之前诊断AIDS
白细胞计数升高
血清肌酐水平增加
神经系统症状。
更多最近的研究表明PCP患者在1996-2006年之间的死亡率为9.7%,死亡率的早期预测因素:[111]Walzer PD, Evans HE, Copas AJ, et al. Early predictors of mortality from Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in HIV-infected patients: 1985 to 2006. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:625-633.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18190281?tool=bestpractice.com
患者年龄的增加
随后的PCP病情
入院时低血红蛋白水平
入院时呼吸室内空气出现氧分压降低。
存在医疗合并症
肺部卡波西氏肉瘤
对 2000 至 2013 年间发现的 136 次 PCP 发作进行的一项研究显示,整体上,死亡率为 11%,5 年生存率为 73%(依从高效抗逆转录病毒治疗 [HAART] 的患者为 88%,不依从 HAART 的患者为 34%)。[11]López-Sánchez C, Falcó V, Burgos J, et al. Epidemiology and long-term survival in HIV-infected patients with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in the HAART era:experience in a university hospital and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94:e681.http://journals.lww.com/md-journal/Fulltext/2015/03040/Epidemiology_and_Long_Term_Survival_in.14.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25816039?tool=bestpractice.com
在旧金山总医院,有一系列关于ICU里PCP患者结局和流行病学研究,包括了该机构所有的HIV/AIDS传染病。[112]Morris A, Creasman J, Turner J, et al. Intensive care of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients during the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:262-267.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12153955?tool=bestpractice.com[113]Nickas G, Wachter RM. Outcomes of intensive care for patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:541-547.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10695695?tool=bestpractice.com[114]Powell K, Davis JL, Morris AM, et al. Survival for patients with human immunodeficiency virus admitted to the intensive care unit continues to improve in the current era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Chest. 2009;135:11-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719058?tool=bestpractice.com[115]Wachter RM, Luce JM, Safrin S, et al. Cost and outcome of intensive care for patients with AIDS, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and severe respiratory failure. JAMA. 1995;273:230-235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7807663?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Wachter RM, Luce JM, Turner J, et al. Intensive care of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Outcome and changing patterns of utilization. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986;134:891-896.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3777686?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Wachter RM, Russi MB, Bloch DA, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and respiratory failure in AIDS. Improved outcomes and increased use of intensive care units. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;143:251-256.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1990936?tool=bestpractice.com这项系列研究的近期结果表明,HIV 阳性重症患者的生存情况在 HAART 时代持续改善,因诊断为 PCP 而收住 ICU 的发生率持续下降。[112]Morris A, Creasman J, Turner J, et al. Intensive care of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients during the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:262-267.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12153955?tool=bestpractice.com[114]Powell K, Davis JL, Morris AM, et al. Survival for patients with human immunodeficiency virus admitted to the intensive care unit continues to improve in the current era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Chest. 2009;135:11-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719058?tool=bestpractice.com[118]Morris A, Wachter RM, Luce J, et al. Improved survival with highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. AIDS. 2003;17:73-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12478071?tool=bestpractice.com重症HIV阳性患者转入ICU,PCP是呼吸衰竭最常见的原因,且与存活率下降相关,但HAART患者PCP发病率较未进行HAART患者低(分别为3%和19%,P<0.001)。[114]Powell K, Davis JL, Morris AM, et al. Survival for patients with human immunodeficiency virus admitted to the intensive care unit continues to improve in the current era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Chest. 2009;135:11-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719058?tool=bestpractice.comPCP患者转入ICU,使用HAART疗法是提高生存率、是否需要器械通气和/或发生气胸的独立预测因素。转入ICU延误可导致死亡率增加。[118]Morris A, Wachter RM, Luce J, et al. Improved survival with highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. AIDS. 2003;17:73-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12478071?tool=bestpractice.com
对于 HIV 阴性的 PCP 患者,其发病率和死亡率高于 HIV 阳性患者。[21]Pareja JGR, Garland R, Koziel H. Use of adjunctive corticosteroids in severe adult non-HIV Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest. 1998;113:1215-1224.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9596297?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Yale SH, Limper AH. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: associated illness and prior corticosteroid therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996;71:5-13.[24]Bienvenu AL, Traore K, Plekhanova I, et al. Pneumocystis pneumonia suspected cases in 604 non-HIV and HIV patients. Int J Infect Dis. 2016;46:11-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27021532?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Ling C, Qian S, Wang Q, et al. Pneumocystis pneumonia in non-HIV children: a 10-year retrospective study. Clin Respir J. 2016 Feb 15 [Epub ahead of print].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26878193?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Kovacs JA, Hiemenz JW, Macher AM, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a comparison between patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and patients with other immunodeficiencies. Ann Intern Med. 1984 May;100(5):663-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6231873?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Mansharamani NG, Garland R, Delaney G, et al. Management and outcome patterns for adult Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 1985 to 1995: comparison of HIV-associated cases to other immunocompromised states. Chest. 2000;118:704-711.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10988192?tool=bestpractice.com[119]Arend SM, Kroon FP, van't Wout JW. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without AIDS, 1980 through 1993. An analysis of 78 cases. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:2436-2441.在一项HIV阴性的PCP患者队列研究中,96%患者需要住院,69%患者转入ICU,65%患者需要机械通气,死亡率为39%。[20]Gilmartin GS, Koziel H. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in adult non-HIV disorders. J Intensive Care Med. 2002;17:283-301.在另一个研究,死亡率为69%,与死亡相关的因素高(如急性生理和慢性健康评估II评分、急性肺损伤和急性呼吸窘迫综合征、晚期诊断、院内感染)。[120]Cao B, Wang H, Wang P, et al. Clinical parameters and outcomes of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in non-HIV/AIDS patients. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006;119:234-237.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16537012?tool=bestpractice.com