硝唑尼特
有两项小型随机对照研究显示,噻唑类抗感染药物硝唑尼特 (nitazoxanide) 可缩短轮状病毒、诺如病毒和腺病毒胃肠炎症状的中位持续时间。[26]Rossignol JF, El-Gohary YM. Nitazoxanide in the treatment of viral gastroenteritis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24:1423-1430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17081163?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Rossignol JF, Abu-Zekry M, Hussein A, et al. Effect of nitazoxanide for treatment of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;368:124-129.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16829296?tool=bestpractice.com 鉴于患有病毒性胃肠炎的健康成人仅使用支持性治疗就能快速恢复,只应将这种药物用于异常严重的病例或有免疫功能受损的患者。[28]Morris J, Brown W, Morris CL. Nitazoxanide is effective therapy for norovirus gastroenteritis after chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Blood 2013;122:4581.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/122/21/4581.full.pdf
益生菌
益生菌可能缩短成人[29]Allen SJ, Martinez EG, Gregorio GV, et al. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(11):CD003048.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21069673?tool=bestpractice.com[30]de Vrese M, Marteau PR. Probiotics and prebiotics: effects on diarrhea. J Nutr. 2007;137:(suppl 2):803-811.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17311979?tool=bestpractice.com 和儿童的腹泻持续时间。[31]Salari P, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. A meta-analysis and systematic review on the effect of probiotics in acute diarrhea. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2012;11:3-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22309079?tool=bestpractice.com对于急性胃肠炎,有证据显示一些乳酸杆菌株(例如干酪乳杆菌和罗伊氏乳杆菌)和鲍氏酵母菌能发挥效力。[32]Dinleyici EC, Eren M, Ozen M, et al. Effectiveness and safety of Saccharomyces boulardii for acute infectious diarrhea. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12:395-410.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22335323?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,尚未确定类型和剂量方案。在一项研究中,喂食部分儿童干酪乳杆菌发酵的鲜乳酪 6 个月,喂食对照组儿童乳冻(无细菌),之后对这两组儿童的腹泻发生率和持续时间进行比较。[33]Pedone CA, Bernabeu AO, Postaire ER, et al. The effect of supplementation with milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei (strain DN-114 001) on acute diarrhoea in children attending day care centres. Int J Clin Pract. 1999;53:179-184.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10665128?tool=bestpractice.com 有益菌种组腹泻的持续时间显著减少。 有益菌种通常被认为是安全的,但是在高风险情况下也有败血症和真菌血症等不良反应的报道。 虽然大多数研究得出腹泻持续时间出现具有统计学意义缩短的结论,但该发现的临床意义有限。[29]Allen SJ, Martinez EG, Gregorio GV, et al. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(11):CD003048.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21069673?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Salari P, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. A meta-analysis and systematic review on the effect of probiotics in acute diarrhea. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2012;11:3-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22309079?tool=bestpractice.com综上所述,对于急性感染性胃肠炎引起的腹泻,经选择的有益菌株可缩短持续时间,该结果具有统计学意义,但临床上仅有中度获益。
锌
世界卫生组织 (World Health Organization, WHO) 推荐在发展中国家以锌强化口服补液疗法或糖浆的形式补锌,但不推荐在发达国家对没有营养缺乏的人常规使用。 已有大量的试验支持补锌,作为治疗和预防腹泻的有效方法。[34]Sazawal S, Black RE, Bhan MK, et al. Zinc supplementation in young children with acute diarrhea in India. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:839-844.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7651474?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Bhandari N, Bahl R, Taneja S, et al. Substantial reduction in severe diarrheal morbidity by daily zinc supplementation in young north Indian children. Pediatrics. 2002;109:e86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12042580?tool=bestpractice.com 仍需要进一步研究,以确定锌的作用机制和供应给最需要人群的最佳方式。在发达国家补充锌的作用仍需进一步评估。
蒙脱石
蒙脱石是一种活化的天然硅酸铝黏土,已经被显示出可缩短儿童腹泻的持续时间。[36]Szajewska H, Dziechciarz P, Mrukowicz J. Meta-analysis: smectite in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhoea in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:217-227.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02760.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16393300?tool=bestpractice.com 另一项研究表明,蒙脱石对成人腹泻也有一些好处,[37]Khediri F, Mrad AI, Azzouz M, et al. Efficacy of diosmectite (smecta) in the treatment of acute watery diarrhoea in adults: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2011;2011:783196.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3132498/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21760777?tool=bestpractice.com 但仍需进一步研究,以支持推荐使用。