多项证据提示,重症肌无力 (MG) 是一种器官特异性、抗体介导的自身免疫性疾病。抗体出现在神经肌肉接头 (NMJ),即病变部位。[33]Engel AG, Sahashi K, Lambert EH, et al. The ultrastructural localization of the acetylcholine receptor, IgG and the third and ninth complement components at the motor end-plate and their implications for the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis. In: Aguayo AJ, Karpati G, eds. Current topics in nerve and muscle research. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; 1979:111-22. 大约 80% 至 90% 的患者在 NMJ 处的突触后膜上可检测到烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体 (AChR) 抗体。另外 3%-7% 的患者携带肌肉特异性受体酪氨酸激酶 (MuSK) 抗体,MuSK 为另外一种 NMJ 蛋白质。某些通过标准结合及调节抗体未能检测出 AChR 抗体的患者可在细胞水平检测时被发现 AChR 结合抗体。[34]Meriggioli MN, Sanders DB. Muscle autoantibodies in myasthenia gravis: beyond diagnosis? Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2012 Jul;8(5):427-38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3505488/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22882218?tool=bestpractice.com 被动转移来自实验啮齿动物的 AChR 抗体或来自 MG 患者的免疫球蛋白可引起啮齿动物出现类似 MG 的症状。[35]Toyka KV, Drachman DB, Griffin DE, et al. Myasthenia gravis. Study of humoral immune mechanisms by passive transfer to mice. N Engl J Med. 1977 Jan 20;296(3):125-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/831074?tool=bestpractice.com 而且,免疫接种 AChR 可在实验动物身上复制 MG。[36]Patrick J, Lindstrom J. Autoimmune response to acetylcholine receptor. Science. 1973 May 25;180(4088):871-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4706680?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,通过血浆置换或免疫抑制清除抗体可改善 MG 患者的症状。[37]Dau PC, Lindstrom JM, Cassel CK, et al. Plasmapheresis in myasthenia gravis and polymyositis. In: Dau PC, ed. Plasmapheresis and the immunobiology of myasthenia gravis. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin; 1979:229-47.[38]Hertel G, Mertens HG, Reuther P, et al. The treatment of myasthenia gravis with azathioprine. In: Dau PC, ed. Plasmapheresis and the immunobiology of myasthenia gravis. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin; 1979:315-28. 据报道,在 AChR 抗体和 MuSK 抗体均为阴性的患者中,检测到了低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白 (LRP4) 抗体。[22]Higuchi O, Hamuro J, Motomura M, et al. Autoantibodies to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 in myasthenia gravis. Ann Neurol. 2011 Feb;69(2):418-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21387385?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Pevzner A, Schoser B, Peters K, et al. Anti-LRP4 autoantibodies in AChR- and MuSK-antibody-negative myasthenia gravis. J Neurol. 2012 Mar;259(3):427-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21814823?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Zhang B, Tzartos JS, Belimezi M, et al. Autoantibodies to lipoprotein-related protein 4 in patients with double-seronegative myasthenia gravis. Arch Neurol. 2012 Apr;69(4):445-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158716?tool=bestpractice.com 在携带 AChR 抗体的患者和不携带 AChR、MuSK 或 LRP4 抗体的患者中,其血清中都已被检测到聚集蛋白抗体,但是到目前为止,在携带 MuSK 抗体的患者中,尚未在其血清中检测到此抗体。[8]Zhang B, Shen C, Bealmear B, et al. Autoantibodies to agrin in myasthenia gravis patients. PLoS One. 2014 Mar 14;9(3):e91816.http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0091816http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24632822?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Cossins J, Belaya K, Zoltowska K, et al. The search for new antigenic targets in myasthenia gravis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012 Dec;1275:123-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23278587?tool=bestpractice.com 尚不清楚胶原 Q 抗体和皮层肌动蛋白抗体的临床重要性。
自身免疫性抗体合成的病因学仍不清楚,但某些基因型(特别是与人类白细胞抗原 [human leukocyte antigen, HLA] 复合体有关联的基因型)使其更加易感。[39]Giraud M, Vandiedonck C, Garchon HJ. Genetic factors in autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1132:180-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18567868?tool=bestpractice.com 多篇论文报告了不同 MG 患者人群中大量不同基因的单核苷酸多态性。[40]Renton AE, Pliner HA, Provenzano C, et al. A genome-wide association study of myasthenia gravis. JAMA Neurol. 2015 Apr;72(4):396-404.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25643325?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Lisak RP, Barcellos L. New insights into the genetics of autoimmune myasthenia gravis: an evolving story. JAMA Neurol. 2015 Apr;72(4):386-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25643244?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,胸腺可能参与其中。70% 的 MG 患者合并胸腺淋巴滤泡样增生,10% 的 MG 患者合并胸腺瘤。[42]Hohlfeld R, Wekerle H. The role of the thymus in myasthenia gravis. Adv Neuroimmunol. 1994;4(4):373-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7536601?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管几乎所有 MG 合并胸腺瘤患者都有 AChR 抗体,但是据报告,一例 AChR 血清阴性的患者同时存在 MG 和恶性胸腺瘤。[43]Richards J, Howard JF Jr. Seronegative myasthenia gravis associated with malignant thymoma. Neuromuscul Disord. 2017 May;27(5):417-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28238572?tool=bestpractice.com 胸腺肌样细胞表达 AChR,可能触发自生抗体合成。相比之下,在 MuSK 相关 MG 患者中,胸腺组织学通常(但不总是)是正常的,胸腺瘤罕见。[21]Tsonis AI, Zisimopoulou P, Lazaridis K, et al. MuSK autoantibodies in myasthenia gravis detected by cell based assay--A multinational study. J Neuroimmunol. 2015 Jul 15;284:10-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26025053?tool=bestpractice.com 尚无已公布的来自足量携带 LRP4 和聚集蛋白抗体患者的胸腺组织学数据,因而无法了解是否存在任何模式。已有很多研究显示 MG 患者中调节 T 细胞和 B 细胞的数量和功能异常,这可能与允许存在自身免疫反应状态和自身免疫疾病有关。[44]Guptill JT, Soni M, Meriggioli MN, et al. Current treatment, emerging translational therapies, and new therapeutic targets for autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Neurotherapeutics. 2016 Jan;13(1):118-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26510558?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Vander Heiden JA, Stathopoulos P, Zhou JQ, et al. Dysregulation of B cell repertoire formation in myasthenia gravis patients revealed through deep sequencing. J Immunol. 2017 Feb 15;198(4):1460-73.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5296243/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28087666?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Koneczny I, Stevens JA, De Rosa A, et al. IgG4 autoantibodies against muscle-specific kinase undergo Fab-arm exchange in myasthenia gravis patients. J Autoimmun. 2017 Feb;77:104-15.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896841116301603?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27965060?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Yi JS, Guptill JT, Stathopoulos P, et al. B cells in the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2018 Feb;57(2):172-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28940642?tool=bestpractice.com
除了遗传学(MHC 和其他基因)[41]Lisak RP, Barcellos L. New insights into the genetics of autoimmune myasthenia gravis: an evolving story. JAMA Neurol. 2015 Apr;72(4):386-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25643244?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Meriggioli MN, Sanders DB. Autoimmune myasthenia gravis: emerging clinical and biological heterogeneity. Lancet Neurol. 2009 May;8(5):475-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730933/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19375665?tool=bestpractice.com 以及患者和家庭成员存在其他自身免疫疾病,没有发生重症肌无力的特定危险因素。[49]Simpson JA. Myasthenia gravis as an autoimmune disease: clinical aspects. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1966 Jan 26;135(1):506-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5329432?tool=bestpractice.com 一项西班牙研究发现,在 462 例 MG 病例中,家族性 MG 占 3.46%,即来自 8 个不相关家庭的 16 例病例。[50]Salvado M, Canela M, Ponseti JM, et al. Study of the prevalence of familial autoimmune myasthenia gravis in a Spanish cohort. J Neurol Sci. 2016 Jan 15;360:110-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26723985?tool=bestpractice.com