有广泛的治疗策略可供采用。应根据症状的严重性选择治疗方法。通过最佳的治疗,死亡病例罕见,大多数患者能正常生活。[19]Drachman DB. Myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med. 1994 Jun 23;330(25):1797-810.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8190158?tool=bestpractice.com
轻度疾病(I 类和 II 类)
症状较轻或症状偶然出现的患者不需要治疗。频繁出现症状的患者应使用胆碱酯酶抑制剂治疗。[74]Mehndiratta MM, Pandey S, Kuntzer T. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor treatment for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(10):CD006986.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006986.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25310725?tool=bestpractice.com 一线治疗用药包括吡啶斯的明(一种胆碱酯酶抑制剂),用于临时缓解症状。皮质类固醇用于吡啶斯的明单药治疗失败的眼肌型重症肌无力 (MG) 和轻症患者。[75]Benatar M, Kaminski H. Medical and surgical treatment for ocular myasthenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(12):CD005081.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005081.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235620?tool=bestpractice.com 对于需要高剂量皮质类固醇的患者,应考虑其他免疫抑制剂,特别是在存在不适合使用高剂量皮质类固醇治疗的共病的情况下,例如,糖尿病、高血压、青光眼、肥胖或活动性胃肠道疾病(胃食管反流、胃部或十二指肠溃疡)。MG 患者发生骨质疏松症的风险增高,与使用皮质类固醇无关。[76]Yeh JH, Chen HJ, Chen YK, et al. Increased risk of osteoporosis in patients with myasthenia gravis: a population-based cohort study. Neurology. 2014 Sep 16;83(12):1075-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25122205?tool=bestpractice.com 对于有乙酰胆碱受体 (AChR) 抗体的轻度 II 类全身型疾病患者,应考虑胸腺切除术联合或者经常不联合皮质类固醇治疗,因为在一项随机对照试验中发现胸腺切除术有效。[77]Wolfe GI, Kaminski HJ, Aban IB, et al. Randomized trial of thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med. 2016 Aug 11;375(6):511-22.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1602489#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27509100?tool=bestpractice.com 对于无其他原因需要使用皮质类固醇或其他免疫抑制剂的轻度疾病患者,胸腺切除术前无需使用这些药物进行治疗。在这项试验中,使用了经胸骨胸腺切除术,因此尚不清楚有创性更小的更新方法是否一样有效。在一项非随机研究中,机器人或颈部联合内镜技术具有相似的有效性。[78]Keijzers M, de Baets M, Hochstenbag M, et al. Robotic thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis: neurological and surgical outcomes. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015 Jul;48(1):40-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25234092?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Goldstein SD, Culbertson NT, Garrett D, et al. Thymectomy for myasthenia gravis in children: a comparison of open and thoracoscopic approaches. J Pediatr Surg. 2015 Jan;50(1):92-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25598101?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者的影像学检查显示胸腺瘤,那么无论是否存在 MG,都需要进行胸腺切除术。
中度疾病(III 类)
部分中度疾病患者可单独使用吡啶斯的明治疗,部分患者可单独使用免疫抑制剂,而部分患者则需使用联合药物。有几种选择可用,包括低剂量皮质类固醇、[80]Schneider-Gold C, Gajdos P, Toyka KV, et al. Corticosteroids for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD002828.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002828.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846640?tool=bestpractice.com 硫唑嘌呤、[81]Palace J, Newsom-Davis J, Lecky B. A randomized double-blind trial of prednisolone alone or with azathioprine in myasthenia gravis. Myasthenia Gravis Study Group. Neurology. 1998 Jun;50(6):1778-83.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9633727?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Drachman DB. Present and future treatment of myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med. 1987 Mar 19;316(12):743-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3821812?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Witte AS, Cornblath DR, Schatz NJ, et al. Monitoring azathioprine therapy in myasthenia gravis. Neurology. 1986 Nov;36(11):1533-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3762975?tool=bestpractice.com眼部症状改善:有质量差的证据显示皮质类固醇和硫唑嘌呤对降低全身型重症肌无力的进展风险有益。[75]Benatar M, Kaminski H. Medical and surgical treatment for ocular myasthenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(12):CD005081.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005081.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235620?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 麦考酚酯、[84]Heatwole C, Ciafaloni E. Mycophenolate mofetil for myasthenia gravis: a clear and present controversy. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2008 Dec;4(6):1203-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2646649/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19337460?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Hehir MK, Burns TM, Alpers J, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil in AChR-antibody-positive myasthenia gravis: outcomes in 102 patients. Muscle Nerve. 2010 May;41(5):593-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20405499?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Sanders DB, Hart IK, Mantegazza R, et al. An international, phase III, randomized trial of mycophenolate mofetil in myasthenia gravis. Neurology. 2008 Aug 5;71(6):400-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18434638?tool=bestpractice.com 环孢素和他克莫司或皮质类固醇与上述药物之一联合。[75]Benatar M, Kaminski H. Medical and surgical treatment for ocular myasthenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(12):CD005081.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005081.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235620?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Schneider-Gold C, Gajdos P, Toyka KV, et al. Corticosteroids for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD002828.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002828.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846640?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Hart IK, Sathasivam S, Sharshar T. Immunosuppressive agents for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD005224.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005224.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943844?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Yoshikawa H, Kiuchi T, Saida T, et al. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of tacrolimus in myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011 Sep;82(9):970-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21784757?tool=bestpractice.com
有中度症状的全身性 MG 患者通常需要长期使用皮质类固醇维持治疗。[2]Jaretzki A 3rd, Barohn RJ, Ernstoff RM, et al. Myasthenia gravis: recommendations for clinical research standards. Task Force of the Medical Scientific Advisory Board of the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000 Jul;70(1):327-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10921745?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Schneider-Gold C, Gajdos P, Toyka KV, et al. Corticosteroids for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD002828.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002828.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846640?tool=bestpractice.com 从低剂量逐渐增加至最大剂量是明智的,因为高剂量可引起 MG 症状的恶化,包括诱发肌无力危象。目的是最终确定最小有效剂量。
其他类型的免疫抑制剂用于对皮质类固醇反应不完全的患者,或者可获益于类固醇助减剂的患者。[87]Hart IK, Sathasivam S, Sharshar T. Immunosuppressive agents for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD005224.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005224.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943844?tool=bestpractice.com 大多数患者需要使用免疫抑制剂治疗多年。此外,对于存在或不存在胸腺瘤的中度或严重疾病患者,可行胸腺切除术/血浆置换。[89]Gronseth GS, Barohn RJ. Practice parameter: thymectomy for autoimmune myasthenia gravis (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2000 Jul 12;55(1):7-15.http://n.neurology.org/content/55/1/7.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10891896?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Barnett C, Katzberg HD, Keshavjee S, et al. Thymectomy for non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis: a propensity score matched study. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2014 Dec 24;9:214.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4296689/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25539860?tool=bestpractice.com 根据一项成功的胸腺切除术试验(纳入 II 至 IV 类疾病患者)提供的证据,对于 III 类疾病患者,在使用皮质类固醇治疗稳定后,应考虑胸腺切除。[77]Wolfe GI, Kaminski HJ, Aban IB, et al. Randomized trial of thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med. 2016 Aug 11;375(6):511-22.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1602489#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27509100?tool=bestpractice.com
与皮质类固醇或其他免疫抑制剂联用时,血浆置换和静脉注射免疫球蛋白 (IVIG) 也可能对某些患者有效,两者都可在门诊间断进行。
尽管没有满足主要结局指标(但有趋势),欧洲药品管理局 (European Medicines Agency, EMA) 和美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 都已批准依库珠单抗用于治疗 AChR 抗体阳性患者的 MG。对于 III 类疾病患者,如果其对治疗耐药或者不能耐受维持满意功能所需剂量的皮质类固醇或其他药物则,应当考虑依库珠单抗治疗。[91]Howard JF Jr, Utsugisawa K, Benatar M, et al. Safety and efficacy of eculizumab in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive refractory generalised myasthenia gravis (REGAIN): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. Lancet Neurol. 2017 Dec;16(12):976-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29066163?tool=bestpractice.com
严重疾病(IV 类和 V 类)
该患者组包括肌无力危象患者、无法吞咽的患者和呼吸受损的患者。总的来说,15% 至 20% 的患者将发生肌无力危象(需要机械通气的急性发作),通常在 MG 确诊后的最初 2 年内发生。[20]Bershad EM, Feen ES, Suarez JI. Myasthenia gravis crisis. South Med J. 2008 Jan;101(1):63-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18176295?tool=bestpractice.com 感染、误吸、药物(包括大剂量皮质类固醇)、手术、使用禁用或相对禁用于 MG 的药物、未能依从药物治疗、使用检查点抑制剂进行癌症治疗[55]Suzuki S, Ishikawa N, Konoeda F, et al. Nivolumab-related myasthenia gravis with myositis and myocarditis in Japan. Neurology. 2017 Sep 12;89(11):1127-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28821685?tool=bestpractice.com 或外伤可能会诱发 MG 危象。连续测量用力肺活量 (FVC) 和 NIF。机械通气的适应证包括 FVC 15 mL/kg 或以下(正常 ≥60 mL/kg)和 NIF 20 cm H2O 或以下(正常 ≥70 cm H2O)。医师不应等待异常动脉血气 (ABG) 的出现,因为其在临床失代偿后的病程晚期才会出现。
初始治疗包括优化通气设置使呼吸肌得到休息、消除危象的诱发因素、使用免疫球蛋白或血浆置换的紧急治疗来恢复神经肌肉接头间的传导。[92]Gajdos P, Chevret S, Toyka KV. Intravenous immunoglobulin for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(12):CD002277.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002277.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235588?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Barth D, Nabavi Nouri M, Ng E, et al. Comparison of IVIg and PLEX in patients with myasthenia gravis. Neurology. 2011 Jun 7;76(23):2017-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21562253?tool=bestpractice.com
血浆置换能更快速的起效,通常在 2 至 3 个疗程后起效;[69]Jani-Acsadi A, Lisak RP. Myasthenic crisis: guidelines for prevention and treatment. J Neurol Sci. 2007 Oct 15;261(1-2):127-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17544450?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,效果是暂时的,仅能持续数周。[93]Barth D, Nabavi Nouri M, Ng E, et al. Comparison of IVIg and PLEX in patients with myasthenia gravis. Neurology. 2011 Jun 7;76(23):2017-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21562253?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Köhler W, Bucka C, Klingel R. A randomized and controlled study comparing immunoadsorption and plasma exchange in myasthenic crisis. J Clin Apher. 2011 Dec;26(6):347-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22095647?tool=bestpractice.com 其价格昂贵,需要住院,不过对于即将发生的危象或已经发生的危象的患者,这不是问题,因为这些情况也需要住院治疗。
IVIG 易于给药,但价格也昂贵。[92]Gajdos P, Chevret S, Toyka KV. Intravenous immunoglobulin for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(12):CD002277.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002277.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235588?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Barth D, Nabavi Nouri M, Ng E, et al. Comparison of IVIg and PLEX in patients with myasthenia gravis. Neurology. 2011 Jun 7;76(23):2017-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21562253?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Elovaara I, Apostolski S, van Doorn P, et al. EFNS guidelines for the use of intravenous immunoglobulin in treatment of neurological diseases: EFNS task force on the use of intravenous immunoglobulin in treatment of neurological diseases. Eur J Neurol. 2008 Sep;15(9):893-908.http://www.efns.org/fileadmin/user_upload/guidline_papers/EFNS_guideline_2008_use_of_intravenous_immunoglobulin.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18796075?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Feasby T, Banwell B, Benstead T, et al. Guidelines on the use of intravenous immune globulin for neurologic conditions. Transfus Med Rev. 2007 Apr;21(2 suppl 1):S57-107.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17397768?tool=bestpractice.com 如果患者有反应,则在 4 至 5 天内迅速起效,最大反应出现在数周之内;然而,效果也是暂时的。在有 MuSK 抗体的患者中,IVIG 似乎无效。[44]Guptill JT, Soni M, Meriggioli MN, et al. Current treatment, emerging translational therapies, and new therapeutic targets for autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Neurotherapeutics. 2016 Jan;13(1):118-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26510558?tool=bestpractice.com
大剂量皮质类固醇可随 IVIG 或血浆置换一起开始使用,因为当 IVIG 和血浆置换的效果开始消退时,大剂量皮质类固醇正好达到其最大效果。[97]Wendell LC, Levine JM. Myasthenic crisis. Neurohospitalist. 2011 Jan;1(1):16-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3726100/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23983833?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Sathasivam S. Current and emerging treatments for the management of myasthenia gravis. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2011;7:313-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3150477/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21845054?tool=bestpractice.com 在一线治疗无效的患者中,尤其是在 IV 型疾病患者中,应当考虑使用依库珠单抗(需要接种脑膜炎奈瑟菌疫苗和预防性抗生素治疗)或利妥昔单抗。
支持治疗包括预防深静脉血栓形成和溃疡、给予足够的营养和液体,以及避免可能加重肌无力症状的感染和药物。
一旦恢复,就应开始长期使用吡啶斯的明、泼尼松龙和/或其他免疫抑制剂(如果之前没有开始使用)。[20]Bershad EM, Feen ES, Suarez JI. Myasthenia gravis crisis. South Med J. 2008 Jan;101(1):63-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18176295?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Benatar M, Kaminski H. Medical and surgical treatment for ocular myasthenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(12):CD005081.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005081.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235620?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Schneider-Gold C, Gajdos P, Toyka KV, et al. Corticosteroids for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD002828.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002828.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846640?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Hart IK, Sathasivam S, Sharshar T. Immunosuppressive agents for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD005224.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005224.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943844?tool=bestpractice.com症状改善:有低质量的证据显示,硫唑嘌呤(单用或与皮质类固醇联合使用)、麦考酚酯(作为单药疗法或者与皮质类固醇或环孢素联合使用)、他克莫司(与皮质类固醇或血浆置换或者与二者联合使用)、环孢素(作为单药疗法或与皮质类固醇联合使用)或环磷酰胺(与皮质类固醇联合使用)治疗全身型重症肌无力 (MG) 的效果并无明显差异。[87]Hart IK, Sathasivam S, Sharshar T. Immunosuppressive agents for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD005224.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005224.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943844?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 大多数患者需要使用免疫抑制剂治疗多年。目标是建立最低有效量。部分患者可能在初始疗程后需要长期使用低剂量皮质类固醇。他克莫司的耐受性一般比环孢素的更好。[99]Ponseti JM, Gamez J, Azem J, et al. Tacrolimus for myasthenia gravis: a clinical study of 212 patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1132:254-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18096852?tool=bestpractice.com 对于有 AChR 抗体的 IV 类患者,一旦稳定,就应考虑行胸腺切除术。[77]Wolfe GI, Kaminski HJ, Aban IB, et al. Randomized trial of thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med. 2016 Aug 11;375(6):511-22.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1602489#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27509100?tool=bestpractice.com
对于免疫抑制疗法开始期间全身型 MG 症状恶化的患者或者无法耐受免疫抑制疗法的患者,可能需要进行长期、间歇性、每 4 至 6 周一次的 IVIG 治疗。[92]Gajdos P, Chevret S, Toyka KV. Intravenous immunoglobulin for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(12):CD002277.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002277.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235588?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Zinman L, Ng E, Bril V. IV immunoglobulin in patients with myasthenia gravis: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2007 Mar 13;68(11):837-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17353471?tool=bestpractice.com 长期 IVIG 的有效性已经受到质疑。[92]Gajdos P, Chevret S, Toyka KV. Intravenous immunoglobulin for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(12):CD002277.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002277.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235588?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Hellmann MA, Mosberg-Galili R, Lotan I, et al. Maintenance IVIg therapy in myasthenia gravis does not affect disease activity. J Neurol Sci. 2014 Mar 15;338(1-2):39-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24267740?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Dalakas MC. IVIg in the chronic management of myasthenia gravis: is it enough for your money? J Neurol Sci. 2014 Mar 15;338(1-2):1-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24411405?tool=bestpractice.com
很少使用环磷酰胺,仅作为类固醇助减剂用于严重全身型 MG 患者。[87]Hart IK, Sathasivam S, Sharshar T. Immunosuppressive agents for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD005224.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005224.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943844?tool=bestpractice.com 一项研究显示,一小组患者对冲击治疗的耐受性良好,未出现严重副作用。[103]De Feo LG, Schottlender J, Martelli NA, et al. Use of intravenous pulsed cyclophosphamide in severe, generalized myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2002 Jul;26(1):31-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12115946?tool=bestpractice.com 改善在 6 个月时明显,在 12 个月具有统计学意义。据报告,使用高剂量以“重启免疫系统”对非常严重的病例有效,但该方法没有被广泛采用。[104]Drachman DB, Adams RN, Hu R, et al. Rebooting the immune system with high-dose cyclophosphamide for treatment of refractory myasthenia gravis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1132:305-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390145/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18567882?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,对存在或不存在胸腺瘤的中度或严重疾病患者,可能进行胸腺切除术/血浆置换。[89]Gronseth GS, Barohn RJ. Practice parameter: thymectomy for autoimmune myasthenia gravis (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2000 Jul 12;55(1):7-15.http://n.neurology.org/content/55/1/7.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10891896?tool=bestpractice.com
MuSK 相关 MG
在这些患者中,对胆碱酯酶抑制剂治疗的反应通常不令人满意,经常出现毒蕈碱和烟碱样副作用,有时甚至出现症状恶化。因为吡啶斯的明的副作用较少且费用较低,尽管其效果不佳,但多数患者仍接受该药治疗。泼尼松治疗在几周内一年临床改善(注意:泼尼松在美国以外的国家更常用)。皮质类固醇助减剂(例如,硫唑嘌呤、麦考酚酯、环孢素、他克莫司)都曾经被成功地使用,对于难治性病例,环磷酰胺和利妥昔单抗也被成功地使用。[3]Guptill JT, Sanders DB. Update on muscle-specific tyrosine kinase antibody positive myasthenia gravis. Curr Opin Neurol. 2010 Oct;23(5):530-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20613516?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Nowak RJ, Dicapua DB, Zebardast N, et al. Response of patients with refractory myasthenia gravis to rituximab: a retrospective study. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2011 Sep;4(5):259-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3187675/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22010039?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Sanders DB, Evoli A. Immunosuppressive therapies in myasthenia gravis. Autoimmunity. 2010 Aug;43(5-6):428-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20166870?tool=bestpractice.com 患者通常需要使用多种药物的长期治疗。没有证据证明哪种药物优于另外一种,需要制定个体化治疗方案。。正如在非 MuSK 相关 MG 患者中一样,血浆置换和免疫球蛋白用于急性加重期和危象期。
对于 MuSK 抗体阳性的 MG 患者,即使在病程早期,也应当考虑将利妥昔单抗作为二线治疗。越来越多的证据表明该疗法对这类 MG 的疗效,有些患者接受该治疗后获得了显著的长期反应。[107]Hehir MK, Hobson-Webb LD, Benatar M, et al. Rituximab as treatment for anti-MuSK myasthenia gravis: Multicenter blinded prospective review. Neurology. 2017 Sep 5;89(10):1069-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28801338?tool=bestpractice.com
胸腺切除术
现在已有来自一项随机对照试验的确凿证据表明无胸腺瘤的 MG 患者可通过胸腺切除术获益。对于存在胸腺瘤(任何年龄)或者无胸腺瘤但有 AChR 抗体(18 至 65 岁以下)的轻、中、重度疾病患者,可实施胸腺切除术。[77]Wolfe GI, Kaminski HJ, Aban IB, et al. Randomized trial of thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med. 2016 Aug 11;375(6):511-22.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1602489#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27509100?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Gronseth GS, Barohn RJ. Practice parameter: thymectomy for autoimmune myasthenia gravis (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2000 Jul 12;55(1):7-15.http://n.neurology.org/content/55/1/7.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10891896?tool=bestpractice.com 尚不完全清楚对于无胸腺瘤的患者,应在重症肌无力的哪一阶段,在哪些患者中,以相对于其他治疗的哪种顺序来进行胸腺切除术。
这种治疗的益处出现较晚,很少在 6 个月以内出现,而且需要随访长达 2 至 5 年来证实其有效性。可使用的技术范围从机器人辅助开胸术到使用经颈或胸骨正中切口方法的开胸术。[78]Keijzers M, de Baets M, Hochstenbag M, et al. Robotic thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis: neurological and surgical outcomes. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015 Jul;48(1):40-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25234092?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Goldstein SD, Culbertson NT, Garrett D, et al. Thymectomy for myasthenia gravis in children: a comparison of open and thoracoscopic approaches. J Pediatr Surg. 2015 Jan;50(1):92-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25598101?tool=bestpractice.com 通常认为,胸腺切除越完整,MG 症状缓解的发生率越高。手术风险包括膈神经或喉返神经损伤、胸腔积液、肺栓塞、伤口感染或延迟愈合,以及随后的胸骨不稳定。应在医疗卫生专业人员具有丰富 MG 患者麻醉护理和围手术期管理经验的医疗机构实施胸腺切除术。
血浆置换可用于即将接受胸腺切除术患者的短期治疗,以避免在围手术期使用皮质类固醇或其他免疫抑制药物。通常在 2 至 3 个疗程后快速起效。然而,效果是暂时性的,仅能持续大约数周。并不是所有患者都需要先行血浆置换、IVIG 或皮质类固醇治疗才能进行胸腺切除术。
由于缺乏一致性胸腺病理结果,尚不清楚胸腺切除术对 MuSK 相关 MG 患者的作用。对于仅有低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白 (LRP4) 抗体或聚集蛋白抗体的患者,也同样如此。
妊娠
一项关于 MG 妊娠患者的小型病例系列研究对 IVIG 作为单药治疗进行了评估,获得了较好的结果;然而,在进行任何推荐前,需要对更大人群进行研究。[108]Gamez J, Salvado M, Casellas M, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin as monotherapy for myasthenia gravis during pregnancy. J Neurol Sci. 2017 Dec 15;383:118-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29246598?tool=bestpractice.com