降低心血管风险:有高质量证据表明,在 2 型糖尿病患者中,强化降压治疗(在 4.7 年内达到的血压降低目标为收缩压<120mmHg,相比<140mmHg)不减少(复合终点:非致命心肌梗死、非致命的卒中或心血管原因导致的死亡)风险。强化血压降低增加不良事件的风险。[44]Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, et al; ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1575-1585.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228401?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
降低心血管风险:有高质量证据表明,在 2 型糖尿病患者中,强化降压治疗(在 4.7 年内达到的血压降低目标为收缩压<120mmHg,相比<140mmHg)不减少(复合终点:非致命心肌梗死、非致命的卒中或心血管原因导致的死亡)风险。强化血压降低增加不良事件的风险。[44]Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, et al; ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1575-1585.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228401?tool=bestpractice.com
血糖控制:有高质量证据表明,胰岛素加二甲双胍治疗在 4 至 6 个月时降低 HbA1c 水平的有效性高于胰岛素单药治疗,但会产生更多的胃肠副作用。
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
血糖控制:有高质量证据表明,胰岛素加二甲双胍治疗在 4 至 6 个月时降低 HbA1c 水平的有效性高于胰岛素单药治疗,但会产生更多的胃肠副作用。
预防微血管并发症:有高质量证据表明,强化降糖治疗可降低 2 型糖尿病微血管并发症的风险。[36]UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet. 1998;352:854-865.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9742977?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, et al. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1577-1589.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0806470#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784090?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
预防微血管并发症:有高质量证据表明,强化降糖治疗可降低 2 型糖尿病微血管并发症的风险。[36]UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet. 1998;352:854-865.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9742977?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, et al. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1577-1589.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0806470#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784090?tool=bestpractice.com
死亡率:高质量证据表明,对于存在 2 型糖尿病和心血管疾病或风险的患者,极为严格的血糖控制(3 至 5 年内维持 42 mmol/mol 至 48 mmol/mol [6% 至 6.5%] 的目标 HbA1c)在死亡率方面无益或可能有害。[38]Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Genuth S, et al; ACCORD Study Group. Long-term effects of intensive glucose lowering on cardiovascular outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:818-828.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21366473?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al; The ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2560-2572.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0802987#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18539916?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:129-139.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0808431#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092145?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al; Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545-2559.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0802743#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18539917?tool=bestpractice.com过于严格的控制也增加了低血糖的风险。
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
死亡率:高质量证据表明,对于存在 2 型糖尿病和心血管疾病或风险的患者,极为严格的血糖控制(3 至 5 年内维持 42 mmol/mol 至 48 mmol/mol [6% 至 6.5%] 的目标 HbA1c)在死亡率方面无益或可能有害。[38]Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Genuth S, et al; ACCORD Study Group. Long-term effects of intensive glucose lowering on cardiovascular outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:818-828.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21366473?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al; The ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2560-2572.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0802987#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18539916?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:129-139.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0808431#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092145?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al; Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545-2559.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0802743#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18539917?tool=bestpractice.com过于严格的控制也增加了低血糖的风险。
糖尿病和心血管疾病风险:一项针对非糖尿病成年人的大型观察性研究产生的中等质量证据表明,HbA1c 与糖尿病风险之间的相关性和空腹血糖相当,且 HbA1c 与心血管疾病风险和全因死亡率之间的相关性更强。[24]Selvin E, Steffes MW, Zhu H, et al. Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:800-811.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20200384?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
糖尿病和心血管疾病风险:一项针对非糖尿病成年人的大型观察性研究产生的中等质量证据表明,HbA1c 与糖尿病风险之间的相关性和空腹血糖相当,且 HbA1c 与心血管疾病风险和全因死亡率之间的相关性更强。[24]Selvin E, Steffes MW, Zhu H, et al. Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:800-811.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20200384?tool=bestpractice.com
母体和新生儿结局:中等质量证据表明,在受孕前和妊娠早期改善患者的血糖控制效果会改善结局。[2]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S135.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1/[74]Nielsen GL, Møller M, Sørensen HT. HbA1c in early diabetic pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes: a Danish population-based cohort study of 573 pregnancies in women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:2612-2616.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/12/2612.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17130193?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
母体和新生儿结局:中等质量证据表明,在受孕前和妊娠早期改善患者的血糖控制效果会改善结局。[2]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S135.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1/[74]Nielsen GL, Møller M, Sørensen HT. HbA1c in early diabetic pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes: a Danish population-based cohort study of 573 pregnancies in women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:2612-2616.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/12/2612.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17130193?tool=bestpractice.com