生活方式因素(肥胖、体力活动和可能的压力)是目前糖尿病流行的主要因素。所有年龄组中积极的预防肥胖的人群中,至少有80%的2型糖尿病是有可能预防的。[8]Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393-403.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa012512#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11832527?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Pan XR, Li GW, Hu YH, et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance: the Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:537-544.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9096977?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1343-1350.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200105033441801#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11333990?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Balk EM, Earley A, Raman G, et al. Combined diet and physical activity promotion programs to prevent type 2 diabetes among persons at increased risk: a systematic review for the Community Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163:437-451.http://annals.org/aim/article/2395729/combined-diet-physical-activity-promotion-programs-prevent-type-2-diabeteshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26167912?tool=bestpractice.com多项临床试验显示,在高风险的成年人中,体重下降与糖尿病发病延迟和减少有关。[8]Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393-403.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa012512#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11832527?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Pan XR, Li GW, Hu YH, et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance: the Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:537-544.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9096977?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1343-1350.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200105033441801#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11333990?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Knowler WC, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, et al; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet. 2009;374:1677-1686.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19878986?tool=bestpractice.com通过适度的减肥(7%的体重),限制饮食和定期身体活动,50%的糖尿病患者从前期糖尿病进展为糖尿病可以延缓3至4年或更多。[8]Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393-403.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa012512#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11832527?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does specific advice to increase exercise or advice to both increase exercise and improve diet affect outcomes in people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.60/full显示答案 此外,已经证明多种药物均可减少糖尿病前期进展为糖尿病,包括二甲双胍、α 葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂、奥利司他、胰高血糖素样肽-1 (GLP-1) 受体激动剂和噻唑烷二酮类。[2]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S135.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1/[11]Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Bosch J, et al; DREAM (Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication) Trial Investigators. Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;368:1096-1105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16997664?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Hemmingsen B, Sonne DP, Metzendorf MI, et al. Dipeptidyl-peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 analogues for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(5):CD012204.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012204.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28489279?tool=bestpractice.com在糖耐量受损,心血管疾病或危险因素的人群中,5年那格列奈的使用没有降低糖尿病或复合心血管事件的发生率。[18]Holman RR, Haffner SM, McMurray JJ, et al; NAVIGATOR Study Group. Effect of nateglinide on the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1463-1476.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228402?tool=bestpractice.com缬沙坦加生活方式的改变使得糖尿病的相对发生率减少了14%,但并没有降低心血管事件的发生率。[19]McMurray JJ, Holman RR, Haffner SM, et al; NAVIGATOR Study Group. Effect of valsartan on the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1477-1490.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228403?tool=bestpractice.com大多数患者首选改变生活方式并/或服用二甲双胍。糖尿病前期的筛查以及根据个人需求降低心血管风险也非常重要。