无论病情轻重与血浆钾水平,对所有高血压患者都应考虑 PA 诊断。如果存在提示低钾血症的症状(如肌无力、感觉异常、肌肉痉挛、夜尿、多尿和心悸),则这可高度提示患有 PA。然而,由于多数患者的血钾正常,因此患者通常无上述症状。[3]Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Klemm SA, et al. Primary aldosteronism and other forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension. In: Swales JD, ed. Textbook of hypertension. London: Blackwell Scientific; 1994:865-892.[33]Mulatero P, Stowasser M, Loh KC, et al. Increased diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, including surgically correctable forms, in centers from five continents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:1045-1050.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/89/3/1045http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15001583?tool=bestpractice.com其他可能出现的症状或体征通常为非特异性且无助于诊断。这些症状或体征可能包括困倦、注意力难以集中和情绪紊乱,例如易怒、焦虑和抑郁。
与患者进行认真讨论是诊断工作的重要组成部分。应向患者详细解释诊断过程的每个阶段,然后再决定是否进入该阶段。
筛查
由于只有少数(约 20%)PA 患者具有低钾血症,因此将测定血浆钾水平作为筛检手段缺乏敏感性。然而,当存在低钾血症时(尤其是并非因使用利尿剂而诱发时),它可作为该疾病表现的宝贵线索。
醛固酮/肾素比值是最可靠实用的筛检指标,其特异性比肾素测量(其水平几乎总是被抑制)更高,并且其敏感性也比血浆钾或醛固酮水平检测高。该比值升高出现在醛固酮或血浆钾超出正常范围之前。[3]Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Klemm SA, et al. Primary aldosteronism and other forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension. In: Swales JD, ed. Textbook of hypertension. London: Blackwell Scientific; 1994:865-892.[65]Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism. J Endocrinol Invest. 1995;18:495-511.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9221268?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Gordon RD. Diagnostic investigations in primary aldosteronism. In: Zanchetti A, ed. Clinical medicine series on hypertension. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill International; 2001:101-114.[6]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Rutherford JC, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2001;2:156-169.http://jra.sagepub.com/content/2/3/156.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11881117?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Mulatero P, Rabbia F, Milan A, et al. Drug effects on aldosterone/plasma renin activity ratio in primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2002;40:897-902.http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/40/6/897http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12468576?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Seifarth C, Trenkel S, Schobel H, et al. Influence of antihypertensive medication on aldosterone and renin concentration in the differential diagnosis of essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002;57:457-465.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12354127?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Brown MJ, Hopper RV. Calcium-channel blockade can mask the diagnosis of Conn's syndrome. Postgrad Med J. 1999;75:235-236.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10715768?tool=bestpractice.com[70]McKenna TJ, Sequeira SJ, Heffernan A, et al. Diagnosis under random conditions of all disorders of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, including primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;73:952-957.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1939533?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Stowasser M, Gordon RD. The aldosterone-renin ratio for screening for primary aldosteronism. Endocrinologist. 2004;14:267-276.醛固酮/肾素比值的可靠性:观察性研究的中等质量证据表明,醛固酮/肾素比值是最可靠的 PA 筛检。[3]Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Klemm SA, et al. Primary aldosteronism and other forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension. In: Swales JD, ed. Textbook of hypertension. London: Blackwell Scientific; 1994:865-892.[65]Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism. J Endocrinol Invest. 1995;18:495-511.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9221268?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Gordon RD. Diagnostic investigations in primary aldosteronism. In: Zanchetti A, ed. Clinical medicine series on hypertension. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill International; 2001:101-114.[6]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Rutherford JC, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2001;2:156-169.http://jra.sagepub.com/content/2/3/156.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11881117?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Mulatero P, Rabbia F, Milan A, et al. Drug effects on aldosterone/plasma renin activity ratio in primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2002;40:897-902.http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/40/6/897http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12468576?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Seifarth C, Trenkel S, Schobel H, et al. Influence of antihypertensive medication on aldosterone and renin concentration in the differential diagnosis of essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002;57:457-465.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12354127?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Brown MJ, Hopper RV. Calcium-channel blockade can mask the diagnosis of Conn's syndrome. Postgrad Med J. 1999;75:235-236.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10715768?tool=bestpractice.com[70]McKenna TJ, Sequeira SJ, Heffernan A, et al. Diagnosis under random conditions of all disorders of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, including primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;73:952-957.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1939533?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Stowasser M, Gordon RD. The aldosterone-renin ratio for screening for primary aldosteronism. Endocrinologist. 2004;14:267-276.受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。然而,也可能会有假阳性和假阴性结果。
饮食限盐、伴发恶性或肾血管性高血压、妊娠(高水平的孕酮可作用于盐皮质激素受体,产生拮抗醛固酮作用)以及使用利尿剂(包括螺内酯)、二氢吡啶类钙通道拮抗剂、血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE) 抑制剂或血管紧张素受体拮抗剂治疗,均能由刺激肾素分泌而导致假阴性比值。[3]Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Klemm SA, et al. Primary aldosteronism and other forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension. In: Swales JD, ed. Textbook of hypertension. London: Blackwell Scientific; 1994:865-892.[65]Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism. J Endocrinol Invest. 1995;18:495-511.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9221268?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Gordon RD. Diagnostic investigations in primary aldosteronism. In: Zanchetti A, ed. Clinical medicine series on hypertension. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill International; 2001:101-114.[6]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Rutherford JC, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2001;2:156-169.http://jra.sagepub.com/content/2/3/156.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11881117?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Mulatero P, Rabbia F, Milan A, et al. Drug effects on aldosterone/plasma renin activity ratio in primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2002;40:897-902.http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/40/6/897http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12468576?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Seifarth C, Trenkel S, Schobel H, et al. Influence of antihypertensive medication on aldosterone and renin concentration in the differential diagnosis of essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002;57:457-465.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12354127?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Brown MJ, Hopper RV. Calcium-channel blockade can mask the diagnosis of Conn's syndrome. Postgrad Med J. 1999;75:235-236.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10715768?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Gordon RD, Tunny TJ. Aldosterone-producing adenoma (A-P-A): effect of pregnancy. Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1982;4:1685-1693.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6754149?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Klemm SA, et al. Renin-aldosterone response to dexamethasone in glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism is altered by coexistent renal artery stenosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;77:800-804.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8396580?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Stowasser M, Gordon RD. The aldosterone-renin ratio for screening for primary aldosteronism. Endocrinologist. 2004;14:267-276.
由于钾是醛固酮分泌的强效慢性调节剂,因此低钾血症也可能与假阴性比值相关。[3]Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Klemm SA, et al. Primary aldosteronism and other forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension. In: Swales JD, ed. Textbook of hypertension. London: Blackwell Scientific; 1994:865-892.
β-受体阻滞剂、α-甲基多巴、可乐定和非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID) 均能抑制肾素水平并导致假阳性结果。[3]Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Klemm SA, et al. Primary aldosteronism and other forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension. In: Swales JD, ed. Textbook of hypertension. London: Blackwell Scientific; 1994:865-892.[65]Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism. J Endocrinol Invest. 1995;18:495-511.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9221268?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Gordon RD. Diagnostic investigations in primary aldosteronism. In: Zanchetti A, ed. Clinical medicine series on hypertension. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill International; 2001:101-114.[6]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Rutherford JC, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2001;2:156-169.http://jra.sagepub.com/content/2/3/156.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11881117?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Mulatero P, Rabbia F, Milan A, et al. Drug effects on aldosterone/plasma renin activity ratio in primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2002;40:897-902.http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/40/6/897http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12468576?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Ahmed AH, Gordon RD, Taylor P, et al. Effect of atenolol on aldosterone/renin ratio calculated by both plasma renin activity and direct renin concentration in healthy male volunteers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:3201-3206.http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/95/7/3201.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20427490?tool=bestpractice.com
假阳性可见于处于月经周期黄体期的绝经前妇女,也可见于服用含雌激素避孕药的妇女,但这仅限于直接测定有活性的肾素浓度而非血浆肾素活性的情况。[75]Ahmed AH, Gordon RD, Taylor PJ, et al. Effect of contraceptives on aldosterone/renin ratio may vary according to the components of contraceptive, renin assay method, and possibly route of administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1797-1804.http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/96/6/1797.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21411552?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Ahmed AH, Gordon RD, Taylor PJ, et al. Are women more at risk of false-positive primary aldosteronism screening and unnecessary suppression testing than men? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:E340-E346.http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/96/2/E340.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20962019?tool=bestpractice.com
假阳性也可见于肾功能受损患者[70]McKenna TJ, Sequeira SJ, Heffernan A, et al. Diagnosis under random conditions of all disorders of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, including primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;73:952-957.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1939533?tool=bestpractice.com(肾素生成量降低,而任何相关高钾血症趋于导致醛固酮升高)、老年患者(其肾素生成量下降远快于醛固酮生成量)以及家族性高钾性高血压(也称为 II 型假性醛固酮减少症或戈登综合征)患者。[71]Stowasser M, Gordon RD. The aldosterone-renin ratio for screening for primary aldosteronism. Endocrinologist. 2004;14:267-276.
选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂 (SSRI) 类抗抑郁药治疗可降低醛固酮/肾素比值,但尚不确定它们是否能在 PA 患者中导致假阴性结果。[77]Ahmed AH, Calvird M, Gordon RD, et al. Effects of two selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants, sertraline and escitalopram, on aldosterone/renin ratio in normotensive depressed male patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1039-1045.http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/96/4/1039.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21289246?tool=bestpractice.com
在测量该比值之前,应停用利尿剂至少 6 周以及其他干扰药物至少 2 周(最好 4 周),换用其他对结果影响较小的药物,如维拉帕米缓释剂(加用或减用肼苯哒嗪)和哌唑嗪,以便维持对高血压的控制。[65]Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism. J Endocrinol Invest. 1995;18:495-511.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9221268?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Gordon RD. Diagnostic investigations in primary aldosteronism. In: Zanchetti A, ed. Clinical medicine series on hypertension. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill International; 2001:101-114.[71]Stowasser M, Gordon RD. The aldosterone-renin ratio for screening for primary aldosteronism. Endocrinologist. 2004;14:267-276.在不能停用可能干扰药物的情况下,在分析比值结果时,应充分考虑该药物对醛固酮肾素比值的已知影响,以获得有用的信息。例如,在使用利尿剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、血管紧张素受体拮抗剂或二氢吡啶类钙阻滞剂的患者中,该比值升高提示 PA 可能很大,而在进行 β-受体阻滞剂治疗时,该比值正常提示不太可能作出该诊断。
在测量该比值前应纠正低钾血症,并鼓励患者自主选择盐饮食。由于受姿势和当日时间的影响,因此在上午对保持挺直状态(坐姿、站立或步行)2~4 小时的坐位患者采血可最大限度提高该比值的敏感性。[65]Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism. J Endocrinol Invest. 1995;18:495-511.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9221268?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Gordon RD. Diagnostic investigations in primary aldosteronism. In: Zanchetti A, ed. Clinical medicine series on hypertension. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill International; 2001:101-114.[71]Stowasser M, Gordon RD. The aldosterone-renin ratio for screening for primary aldosteronism. Endocrinologist. 2004;14:267-276.
该比值只应当作筛检指标,并且在决定是否继续采用抑制试验来确诊或排除诊断之前,应测量多次(如果包括用药在内的采样情况发生变化则还应连续进行测量)。
确诊
由于醛固酮/肾素活性比值偶尔会出现假阳性结果,因此即使在上述条件下,也需要进行验证试验,才能够明确做出确认或排除 PA 诊断。
氟氢可的松抑制试验,即测定为期 4 日的口服氟氢可的松和口服盐负荷后醛固酮反应,是公认最可靠的 PA 确诊或排除诊断方法,[3]Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Klemm SA, et al. Primary aldosteronism and other forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension. In: Swales JD, ed. Textbook of hypertension. London: Blackwell Scientific; 1994:865-892.[6]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Rutherford JC, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2001;2:156-169.http://jra.sagepub.com/content/2/3/156.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11881117?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism. J Endocrinol Invest. 1995;18:495-511.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9221268?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Gordon RD. Diagnostic investigations in primary aldosteronism. In: Zanchetti A, ed. Clinical medicine series on hypertension. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill International; 2001:101-114.但是某些研究中心也采用静脉输注 0.9% 盐水(通常为 2 L,输注持续 2~4 小时),结束时测定血浆醛固酮水平,[78]Litchfield WR, Dluhy RG. Primary aldosteronism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1995;24:593-612.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8575411?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Holland OB, Brown H, Kuhnert LV, et al. Further evaluation of saline infusion for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 1984;6:717-723.http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/6/5/717http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6389337?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Kem DC, Weinberger MH, Mayes DM, et al. Saline suppression of plasma aldosterone in hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 1971;128:380-386.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5093210?tool=bestpractice.com或者口服 3 日盐负荷之后,测量 24 小时尿醛固酮排泄率[27]Young WF Jr. Primary aldosteronism: update on diagnosis and treatment. Endocrinologist. 1997;7:213-221.。一项涉及 31 名患者(其中 24 名患有 PA)的预研究发现,对 PA 的诊断而言,与传统卧位相比,在挺直(坐姿)状态下进行盐抑制试验有更好的敏感性。然而,这些发现需要用更多患者来进行验证。[81]Ahmed AH, Cowley D, Wolley M, et al. Seated saline suppression testing for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism: a preliminary study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:2745-2753.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24762111?tool=bestpractice.com
亚型鉴别
如果验证性试验的结果为阳性,则应进一步检查以确定 PA 亚型,因为每个亚型的首选治疗各不相同。
应在继续进行鉴别亚型的检查之前,使用外周血进行融合基因的遗传检测,因为如果基因检测结果呈阳性,则无需进行这些检查。由于融合基因的存在是 家族性醛固酮增多症I型 (FH-I) 的诊断指标,基因检查实际上已取代了用于诊断该亚型的繁琐且不可靠的生化方法(例如,在给予数天的地塞米松期间证实血浆醛固酮明显且持续地受到抑制)。[82]Jonsson JR, Klemm SA, Tunny TJ, et al. A new genetic test for familial hyperaldosteronism type I aids in the detection of curable hypertension. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995;207:565-571.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7864844?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Stowasser M, Bachmann AW, Jonsson JR, et al. Clinical, biochemical and genetic approaches to the detection of familial hyperaldosteronism type I. J Hypertens. 1995;13:1610-1613.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8903619?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Mulatero P, Veglio F, Pilon C, et al. Diagnosis of glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism in primary aldosteronism: aldosterone response to dexamethasone and long polymerase chain reaction for chimeric gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:2573-2575.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/83/7/2573http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9661646?tool=bestpractice.com家族性醛固酮增多症I型 (FH-I) 基因检测:几项观察性研究的中等质量证据表明 FH-I 杂合基因的基因检测具有高度敏感性和特异性。[16]Stowasser M, Gartside MG, Gordon RD. A PCR-based method of screening individuals of all ages, from neonates to the elderly, for familial hyperaldosteronism type I. Aust N Z J Med. 1997;27:685-690.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9483237?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Jonsson JR, Klemm SA, Tunny TJ, et al. A new genetic test for familial hyperaldosteronism type I aids in the detection of curable hypertension. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995;207:565-571.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7864844?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Stowasser M, Bachmann AW, Jonsson JR, et al. Clinical, biochemical and genetic approaches to the detection of familial hyperaldosteronism type I. J Hypertens. 1995;13:1610-1613.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8903619?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Mulatero P, Veglio F, Pilon C, et al. Diagnosis of glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism in primary aldosteronism: aldosterone response to dexamethasone and long polymerase chain reaction for chimeric gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:2573-2575.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/83/7/2573http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9661646?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。然而,大多数 PA 患者的融合基因检测结果呈阴性,这使得鉴别单侧肿瘤形式与各种双侧肾上腺增生 (BAH) 更加困难。
建议对融合基因检测结果呈阴性的患者进行肾上腺 CT 扫描。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 计算机断层扫描 (CT) 显示,右肾上腺醛固酮腺瘤患者具有右侧肾上腺病变来自 Michael Stowasser 博士的个人收集;经获准使用 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 计算机断层扫描 (CT) 显示,双侧肾上腺增生患者具有右侧肾上腺病变来自 Michael Stowasser 博士的个人收集;经获准使用 [Citation ends].通常能够检出醛固酮分泌性癌,因为它们相对较大(通常大于 3 cm),但往往遗漏醛固酮分泌性腺瘤(其平均大小约为 1 cm)。坦率而言,CT 可能具有误导性,因为它不能鉴别醛固酮分泌性腺瘤与无功能性结节。[23]Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism: careful investigation is essential and rewarding. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2004;217:33-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15134798?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism. J Endocrinol Invest. 1995;18:495-511.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9221268?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Gordon RD. Diagnostic investigations in primary aldosteronism. In: Zanchetti A, ed. Clinical medicine series on hypertension. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill International; 2001:101-114.[6]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Rutherford JC, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2001;2:156-169.http://jra.sagepub.com/content/2/3/156.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11881117?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Doppman JL, Gill JR Jr., Miller DL, et al. Distinction between hyperaldosteronism due to bilateral hyperplasia and unilateral aldosteronoma: reliability of CT. Radiology. 1992;184:677-682.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1509049?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Young WF, Stanson AW, Thompson GB, et al. Role for adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism. Surgery. 2004;136:1227-1235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15657580?tool=bestpractice.com肾上腺 MRI 也存在类似局限性。[87]Tsushima Y, Ishizaka H, Matsumoto M. Adrenal masses: differentiation with chemical shift, fast low-angle shot MR imaging. Radiology. 1993;186:705-709.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8430178?tool=bestpractice.com大多数小肿瘤均无法通过肾上腺硒甲基胆固醇扫描检出。[3]Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Klemm SA, et al. Primary aldosteronism and other forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension. In: Swales JD, ed. Textbook of hypertension. London: Blackwell Scientific; 1994:865-892.[88]Vetter H, Fischer M, Galanski M, et al. Primary aldosteronism: diagnosis and noninvasive lateralization procedures. Cardiology. 1985;72(suppl 1):57-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3902232?tool=bestpractice.com
在 PA 患者中,在隔夜平卧后,保持直立姿势 2 或 3 小时或在血管紧张素 II 输注期间检测血浆醛固酮的反应性(定义为相对于基线至少升高 50%),曾一度被认为对 BAH 具有特异性。[89]Ganguly AG, Melada GA, Luetscher JA, et al. Control of plasma aldosterone in primary aldosteronism: distinction between adenoma and hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1973;37:765-775.[90]Wisgerhof M, Brown RD, Hogan MJ, et al. The plasma aldosterone response to AII infusion in aldosterone-producing adenoma and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981;52:195-198.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7462385?tool=bestpractice.com然而,在血管紧张素 II 反应型醛固酮腺瘤中也观察到了类似的结果,这种类型在醛固酮腺瘤中占 50% 以上。[5]Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Klemm SA, et al. Primary aldosteronism: some genetic, morphological, and biochemical aspects of subtypes. Steroids. 1995;60:35-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7792813?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Gordon RD, Hamlet SM, Tunny TJ, et al. Aldosterone-producing adenomas responsive to angiotensin pose problems in diagnosis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1987;14:175-179.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2822305?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Gordon RD, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Hamlet SM, et al. Angiotensin-responsive aldosterone-producing adenoma masquerades as idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA: adrenal hyperplasia) or low-renin essential hypertension. J Hypertens Suppl. 1987;5:S103-S106.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2832571?tool=bestpractice.com但在 PA 患者中检查醛固酮对体位的反应仍值得研究,因为在多数情况下,如果无反应可将诊断缩小到血管紧张素 II 不反应型醛固酮生成腺瘤或 FH-I 的诊断范围。在血管紧张素 II 无反应型醛固酮生成腺瘤或 FH-I 中,混合类固醇水平(18-羟基和 18-氧-皮质醇)有所升高,并且可作为提示这两种疾病中一种的有利证据。然而,它们的应用并不普遍,同时因为它们在 BAH 和血管紧张素 II 反应型醛固酮腺瘤中都是正常的,它们也不能区分单侧和双侧 PA。[83]Stowasser M, Bachmann AW, Jonsson JR, et al. Clinical, biochemical and genetic approaches to the detection of familial hyperaldosteronism type I. J Hypertens. 1995;13:1610-1613.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8903619?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Gordon RD, Hamlet SM, Tunny TJ, et al. Aldosterone-producing adenomas responsive to angiotensin pose problems in diagnosis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1987;14:175-179.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2822305?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Gordon RD, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Hamlet SM, et al. Angiotensin-responsive aldosterone-producing adenoma masquerades as idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA: adrenal hyperplasia) or low-renin essential hypertension. J Hypertens Suppl. 1987;5:S103-S106.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2832571?tool=bestpractice.com
出于以上原因,肾上腺静脉采血是唯一能够鉴别双侧和单侧 PA 的可靠方法。计算机断层扫描对比肾上腺静脉采血:几项观察性研究的中等质量结果表明,肾上腺静脉采血用于诊断醛固酮腺瘤可靠性强,而有几项观察性研究报告肾上腺计算机断层扫描用于诊断醛固酮腺瘤缺乏敏感性和特异性。[93]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Gunasekera TG, et al. High rate of detection of primary aldosteronism, including surgically treatable forms, after 'non-selective' screening of hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2003;21:2149-2157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14597859?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Daunt N. Adrenal vein sampling: how to make it quick, easy, and successful. Radiographics. 2005;25(suppl 1):S143-S158.http://radiographics.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/full/25/suppl_1/S143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16227488?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Rutherford JC, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2001;2:156-169.http://jra.sagepub.com/content/2/3/156.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11881117?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Doppman JL, Gill JR Jr., Miller DL, et al. Distinction between hyperaldosteronism due to bilateral hyperplasia and unilateral aldosteronoma: reliability of CT. Radiology. 1992;184:677-682.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1509049?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Young WF, Stanson AW, Thompson GB, et al. Role for adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism. Surgery. 2004;136:1227-1235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15657580?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。因此,有些研究中心对所有 PA 患者(FH-I 患者除外)均采用这种检查。[3]Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Klemm SA, et al. Primary aldosteronism and other forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension. In: Swales JD, ed. Textbook of hypertension. London: Blackwell Scientific; 1994:865-892.[95]Nishikawa T, Omura M. Clinical characteristics of primary aldosteronism: its prevalence and comparative studies on various causes of primary aldosteronism in Yokohama Rosai Hospital. Biomed Pharmacother. 2000;54(suppl 1):83S-85S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10914999?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism. J Endocrinol Invest. 1995;18:495-511.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9221268?tool=bestpractice.com