多年来,PA 被视为一种导致高血压的少见原因 (<1%),除非存在低钾血症,对其是不值得进行探究的。[24]Kaplan NM. Commentary on the incidence of primary aldosteronism. Current estimations based on objective data. Arch Intern Med. 1969;123:152-154.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4884278?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Biglieri EG, Kater CE. Disorders of the adrenal cortex. In: Stein JH, ed. Internal medicine, 3rd ed. Boston: Little, Brown; 1991:2188-2207. 然而,自 1992 年以来,[26]Gordon RD, Klemm SA, Tunny TJ, et al. Primary aldosteronism: hypertension with a genetic basis. Lancet. 1992;340:159-161.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1352575?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Klemm SA, et al. Primary aldosteronism and other forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension. In: Swales JD, ed. Textbook of hypertension. London: Blackwell Scientific; 1994:865-892.[27]Young WF Jr. Primary aldosteronism: update on diagnosis and treatment. Endocrinologist. 1997;7:213-221.[28]Lim PO, Rodgers P, Cardale K, et al. Potentially high prevalence of primary aldosteronism in a primary-care population. Lancet. 1999;353:40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10023956?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Loh KC, Koay ES, Khaw MC, et al. Prevalence of primary aldosteronism among Asian hypertensive patients in Singapore. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:2854-2859.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/85/8/2854http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10946893?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Rayner BL, Opie LH, Davidson JS. The aldosterone/renin ratio as a screening test for primary aldosteronism. S Afr Med J. 2000;90:394-400.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10957926?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Fardella CE, Mosso L, Gomez-Sanchez C, et al. Primary aldosteronism in essential hypertensives: prevalence, biochemical profile and molecular biology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:1863-1867.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/85/5/1863http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10843166?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Rossi GP, Bernini G, Caliumi C, et al. A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1,125 hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:2293-2300.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17161262?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Mulatero P, Stowasser M, Loh KC, et al. Increased diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, including surgically correctable forms, in centers from five continents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:1045-1050.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/89/3/1045http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15001583?tool=bestpractice.com 越来越多的证据表明 PA 比先前所认为的更常见,并且大多数患者的血钾正常。PA 患病率:大量观察性研究的中等质量证据表明,高血压患者中 PA 患病率至少为 5%,其中大部分患者血钾正常。[26]Gordon RD, Klemm SA, Tunny TJ, et al. Primary aldosteronism: hypertension with a genetic basis. Lancet. 1992;340:159-161.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1352575?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Klemm SA, et al. Primary aldosteronism and other forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension. In: Swales JD, ed. Textbook of hypertension. London: Blackwell Scientific; 1994:865-892.[27]Young WF Jr. Primary aldosteronism: update on diagnosis and treatment. Endocrinologist. 1997;7:213-221.[28]Lim PO, Rodgers P, Cardale K, et al. Potentially high prevalence of primary aldosteronism in a primary-care population. Lancet. 1999;353:40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10023956?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Loh KC, Koay ES, Khaw MC, et al. Prevalence of primary aldosteronism among Asian hypertensive patients in Singapore. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:2854-2859.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/85/8/2854http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10946893?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Rayner BL, Opie LH, Davidson JS. The aldosterone/renin ratio as a screening test for primary aldosteronism. S Afr Med J. 2000;90:394-400.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10957926?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Fardella CE, Mosso L, Gomez-Sanchez C, et al. Primary aldosteronism in essential hypertensives: prevalence, biochemical profile and molecular biology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:1863-1867.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/85/5/1863http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10843166?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Rossi GP, Bernini G, Caliumi C, et al. A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1,125 hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:2293-2300.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17161262?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Mulatero P, Stowasser M, Loh KC, et al. Increased diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, including surgically correctable forms, in centers from five continents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:1045-1050.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/89/3/1045http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15001583?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。在英国,2013 年至 2014 年1年间有 316 名醛固酮增多症患者住院,大部分患者处于 15 至 59 岁年龄组(215 例)。[34]Hospital Episode Statistics 2013-2014. http://www.hesonline.nhs.uk/ (last accessed 12 April 2016).http://www.hscic.gov.uk/searchcatalogue?productid=17192&q=title%3a%22Hospital+Episode+Statistics%2c+Admitted+patient+care+-+England%22&sort=Relevance&size=10&page=1#top在西班牙和日本,该病的公布患病率为 5% 至 6%,在苏格兰和智利为 5% 至 16%。[35]Morilla P, Castillo J, Quiles J, et al. Prevalence of primary aldosteronism in hypertensive patients and its effects on the heart. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2008;61:418-421.在澳大利亚的一个研究中心,对于 1987 年至 1990 年间血钾正常的高血压患者确诊患有 PA 后,于 1991 年施行了一项 PA 筛查策略,即检测所有的高血压患者的血浆醛固酮/肾素活性比值(而并非仅检测那些患低钾血症的患者),结果PA检出率提高了 10 倍。[3]Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Klemm SA, et al. Primary aldosteronism and other forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension. In: Swales JD, ed. Textbook of hypertension. London: Blackwell Scientific; 1994:865-892.[23]Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism: careful investigation is essential and rewarding. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2004;217:33-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15134798?tool=bestpractice.com这一点与醛固酮生成腺瘤切除率增加 4 倍也有关。[3]Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Klemm SA, et al. Primary aldosteronism and other forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension. In: Swales JD, ed. Textbook of hypertension. London: Blackwell Scientific; 1994:865-892.[23]Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism: careful investigation is essential and rewarding. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2004;217:33-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15134798?tool=bestpractice.com在此研究中心,PA 患者以每年 50 至 90 名的速度逐年递增。自 1992 年以来,只有 22% 的被诊断PA的患者为低钾血症。据该中心报告,在连续 199 名血钾正常的转诊的高血压患者中,PA 的发病率为 8.5%,[36]Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Tunny TJ, et al. High incidence of primary aldosteronism in 199 patients referred with hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1994;21:315-318.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7923898?tool=bestpractice.com而在 52 名降压药物试验志愿者中的发生率为 12%,[37]Gordon RD, Ziesak MD, Tunny TJ, et al. Evidence that primary aldosteronism may not be uncommon - 12% incidence among antihypertensive drug trial volunteers. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1993;20:296-298.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8324912?tool=bestpractice.com这些志愿者病例均经氟氢可的松抑制试验确诊患有 PA。[3]Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Klemm SA, et al. Primary aldosteronism and other forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension. In: Swales JD, ed. Textbook of hypertension. London: Blackwell Scientific; 1994:865-892.
自这些最初报告的结果公布以来,许多其他机构(遍及 6 大洲,包括梅奥诊所)也报告了类似的结果,即因 PA 导致的高血压远比先前猜测的更为常见,其患病率介于 3% 至 32% 之间,而这一数值取决于所选择进行研究的高血压患者和采用的诊断标准。[27]Young WF Jr. Primary aldosteronism: update on diagnosis and treatment. Endocrinologist. 1997;7:213-221.[28]Lim PO, Rodgers P, Cardale K, et al. Potentially high prevalence of primary aldosteronism in a primary-care population. Lancet. 1999;353:40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10023956?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Loh KC, Koay ES, Khaw MC, et al. Prevalence of primary aldosteronism among Asian hypertensive patients in Singapore. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:2854-2859.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/85/8/2854http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10946893?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Rayner BL, Opie LH, Davidson JS. The aldosterone/renin ratio as a screening test for primary aldosteronism. S Afr Med J. 2000;90:394-400.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10957926?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Fardella CE, Mosso L, Gomez-Sanchez C, et al. Primary aldosteronism in essential hypertensives: prevalence, biochemical profile and molecular biology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:1863-1867.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/85/5/1863http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10843166?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Rossi GP, Bernini G, Caliumi C, et al. A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1,125 hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:2293-2300.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17161262?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Mulatero P, Stowasser M, Loh KC, et al. Increased diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, including surgically correctable forms, in centers from five continents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:1045-1050.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/89/3/1045http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15001583?tool=bestpractice.com在所有这些系列中,被诊断患有 PA 的患者血钾低的比例小于 50%。