BMJ Best Practice

参考文献

关键文献

Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Rutherford JC, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2001;2:156-169.

Gordon RD, Klemm SA, Tunny TJ, et al. Primary aldosteronism: hypertension with a genetic basis. Lancet. 1992;340:159-161.

Lifton RP, Dluhy RG, Powers M, et al. A chimaeric 11 beta-hydroxylase/aldosterone synthase gene causes glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism and human hypertension. Nature. 1992;355:262-265.

Milliez P, Girerd X, Plouin PF, et al. Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1243-1248.

Mulatero P, Rabbia F, Milan A, et al. Drug effects on aldosterone/plasma renin activity ratio in primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2002;40:897-902.

Stowasser M, Gordon RD. The aldosterone-renin ratio for screening for primary aldosteronism. Endocrinologist. 2004;14:267-276.

Young WF, Stanson AW, Thompson GB, et al. Role for adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism. Surgery. 2004;136:1227-1235.

Daunt N. Adrenal vein sampling: how to make it quick, easy, and successful. Radiographics. 2005;25(suppl 1):S143-S158.

参考文章

1.  Conn JW. Primary aldosteronism, a new clinical syndrome. J Lab Clin Med. 1955;45:6-17.

2.  Conn JW. Plasma renin activity in primary aldosteronism. Importance in differential diagnosis and in research of essential hypertension. JAMA. 1964;190:222-225.

3.  Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Klemm SA, et al. Primary aldosteronism and other forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension. In: Swales JD, ed. Textbook of hypertension. London: Blackwell Scientific; 1994:865-892.

4.  Neville AM, O'Hare MJ. Histopathology of the human adrenal cortex. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985;14:791-820.

5.  Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Klemm SA, et al. Primary aldosteronism: some genetic, morphological, and biochemical aspects of subtypes. Steroids. 1995;60:35-41.

6.  Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Rutherford JC, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2001;2:156-169.

7.  Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;17:591-605.

8.  Stowasser M, Pimenta E, Gordon RD. Familial or genetic primary aldosteronism and Gordon syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2011;40:343-368.

9.  Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Tunny TJ, et al. Familial hyperaldosteronism type II - five families with a new variety of primary aldosteronism. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1992;19:319-322.

10.  Gordon RD, Stowasser M. Familial forms broaden horizons in primary aldosteronism. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 1998;9:220-227.

11.  Geller DS, Zhang J, Wisgerhof MV, et al. A novel form of human mendelian hypertension featuring nonglucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:3117-3123.

12.  Mulatero P. A new form of hereditary primary aldosteronism: familial hyperaldosteronism type III. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:2972-2974.

13.  Stowasser M. Primary aldosteronism and potassium channel mutations. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2013;20:170-179.

14.  Murphy BF, Whitworth JA, Kincaid-Smith PA. Malignant hypertension due to an aldosterone-producing adenoma. Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1985;7:939-950.

15.  Vetter H, Siebenschein R, Studer A, et al. Primary aldosteronism: inability to differentiate unilateral from bilateral adrenal lesions by various routine clinical and laboratory data and by peripheral plasma aldosterone. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1978;89:710-725.

16.  Stowasser M, Gartside MG, Gordon RD. A PCR-based method of screening individuals of all ages, from neonates to the elderly, for familial hyperaldosteronism type I. Aust N Z J Med. 1997;27:685-690.

17.  Rich GM, Ulick S, Cook S, et al. Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism in a large kindred: clinical spectrum and diagnosis using a characteristic biochemical phenotype. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116:813-820.

18.  Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Familial hyperaldosteronism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2001;78:215-229.

19.  Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism: from genesis to genetics. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2003;14:310-317.

20.  Stowasser M, Huggard PJ, Rossetti TR, et al. Biochemical evidence of aldosterone overproduction and abnormal regulation in normotensive individuals with familial hyperaldosteronism type I. J Clin End Metab. 1999;84:4031-4036.

21.  Stowasser M. New perspectives in the role of aldosterone excess in cardiovascular disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2001;28:783-791.

22.  Gordon RD, Rutherford JC, Stowasser M. Primary aldosteronism: are we diagnosing and operating on too few patients? World J Surg. 2001;25:941-947.

23.  Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism: careful investigation is essential and rewarding. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2004;217:33-39.

24.  Kaplan NM. Commentary on the incidence of primary aldosteronism. Current estimations based on objective data. Arch Intern Med. 1969;123:152-154.

25.  Biglieri EG, Kater CE. Disorders of the adrenal cortex. In: Stein JH, ed. Internal medicine, 3rd ed. Boston: Little, Brown; 1991:2188-2207.

26.  Gordon RD, Klemm SA, Tunny TJ, et al. Primary aldosteronism: hypertension with a genetic basis. Lancet. 1992;340:159-161.

27.  Young WF Jr. Primary aldosteronism: update on diagnosis and treatment. Endocrinologist. 1997;7:213-221.

28.  Lim PO, Rodgers P, Cardale K, et al. Potentially high prevalence of primary aldosteronism in a primary-care population. Lancet. 1999;353:40.

29.  Loh KC, Koay ES, Khaw MC, et al. Prevalence of primary aldosteronism among Asian hypertensive patients in Singapore. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:2854-2859.

30.  Rayner BL, Opie LH, Davidson JS. The aldosterone/renin ratio as a screening test for primary aldosteronism. S Afr Med J. 2000;90:394-400.

31.  Fardella CE, Mosso L, Gomez-Sanchez C, et al. Primary aldosteronism in essential hypertensives: prevalence, biochemical profile and molecular biology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:1863-1867.

32.  Rossi GP, Bernini G, Caliumi C, et al. A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1,125 hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:2293-2300.

33.  Mulatero P, Stowasser M, Loh KC, et al. Increased diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, including surgically correctable forms, in centers from five continents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:1045-1050.

34.  Hospital Episode Statistics 2013-2014. http://www.hesonline.nhs.uk/ (last accessed 12 April 2016).

35.  Morilla P, Castillo J, Quiles J, et al. Prevalence of primary aldosteronism in hypertensive patients and its effects on the heart. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2008;61:418-421.

36.  Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Tunny TJ, et al. High incidence of primary aldosteronism in 199 patients referred with hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1994;21:315-318.

37.  Gordon RD, Ziesak MD, Tunny TJ, et al. Evidence that primary aldosteronism may not be uncommon - 12% incidence among antihypertensive drug trial volunteers. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1993;20:296-298.

38.  Sutherland DJA, Ruse JL, Laidlaw JC. Hypertension, increased aldosterone secretion and low plasma renin activity relieved by dexamethasone. Can Med Assoc J. 1966;95:1109-1119.

39.  Lifton RP, Dluhy RG, Powers M, et al. A chimaeric 11 beta-hydroxylase/aldosterone synthase gene causes glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism and human hypertension. Nature. 1992;355:262-265.

40.  Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Tunny TJ, et al. Clinical and pathological diversity of primary aldosteronism including a new familial variety. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1991;18:283-286.

41.  Torpy DJ, Gordon RD, Lin J-P, et al. Familial hyperaldosteronism type-II: description of a large kindred and exclusion of the aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:3214-3218.

42.  Torpy DJ, Gordon RD, Stratakis CA. Linkage analysis of familial hyperaldosteronism type II - absence of linkage of the gene encoding the AII receptor type 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:1046.

43.  Lafferty AR, Torpy D, Stowasser M, et al. A novel genetic locus for low-renin hypertension: familial hyperaldosteronism type-II maps to chromosome 7 (7p22). J Med Genet. 2000;37:831-835.

44.  So A, Duffy D, Gordon R, et al. Familial hyperaldosteronism type II is linked to the chromosome 7p22 region but also shows predicted genetic heterogeneity. J Hypertens. 2005;23:1477-1484.

45.  Choi M, Scholl UI, Yue P, et al. K+ channel mutations in adrenal aldosterone-producing adenomas and hereditary hypertension. Science. 2011;331:768-772.

46.  Scholl UI, Stölting G, Nelson-Williams C, et al. Recurrent gain of function mutation in calcium channel CACNA1H causes early-onset hypertension with primary aldosteronism. Elife. 2015;4:e06315.

47.  Boulkroun S, Beuschlein F, Rossi GP, et al. Prevalence, clinical, and molecular correlates of KCNJ5 mutations in primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2012;59:592-598.

48.  Azizan EA, Murthy M, Stowasser M, et al. Somatic mutations affecting the selectivity filter of KCNJ5 are frequent in 2 large unselected collections of adrenal aldosteronomas. Hypertension. 2012;59:587-591.

49.  Beuschlein F, Boulkroun S, Osswald A, et al. Somatic mutations in ATP1A1 and ATP2B3 lead to aldosterone-producing adenomas and secondary hypertension. Nat Genet. 2013;45:440-444.

50.  Scholl UI, Goh G, Stölting G, et al. Somatic and germline CACNA1D calcium channel mutations in aldosterone-producing adenomas and primary aldosteronism. Nat Genet. 2013;45:1050-1054.

51.  Azizan EA, Poulsen H, Tuluc P, et al. Somatic mutations in ATP1A1 and CACNA1D underlie a common subtype of adrenal hypertension. Nat Genet. 2013;45:1055-1060.

52.  Conn JW. The evolution of primary aldosteronism: 1954-1967. Harvey Lect. 1966-1967;62:257-291.

53.  Weber KT, Brilla CG. Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium: fibrosis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Circulation. 1991;83:1849-1865.

54.  Rossi GP, Sacchetto A, Pavan E, et al. Remodeling of the left ventricle in primary aldosteronism due to Conn's adenoma. Circulation. 1997;95:1471-1478.

55.  Rocha R, Rudolph AE, Frierdich GE, et al. Aldosterone induces a vascular inflammatory phenotype in the rat heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002;283:H1802-H1810.

56.  Rossi GP, Sacchetto A, Visentin P, et al. Changes in left ventricular anatomy and function in hypertension and primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 1996;27:1039-1045.

57.  Abe M, Hamada M, Matsuoka H, et al. Myocardial scintigraphic characteristics in patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 1994;23(suppl I):I164-I167.

58.  Napoli C, Di Gregorio F, Meccese M, et al. Evidence of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in patients with primary aldosteronism: the Cross-sectional Primary Aldosteronism and Heart Italian Multicenter Study. J Investig Med. 1999;47:212-221.

59.  Kozakova M, Buralli S, Palombo C, et al. Myocardial ultrasonic backscatter in hypertension: relation to aldosterone and endothelin. Hypertension. 2003;41:230-236.

60.  Rossi GP, Bernini G, Desideri G, et al. Renal damage in primary aldosteronism: results of the PAPY Study. Hypertension. 2006;48:232-238.

61.  Milliez P, Girerd X, Plouin PF, et al. Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1243-1248.

62.  Catena C, Colussi G, Nadalini E, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes in patients with primary aldosteronism after treatment. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:80-85.

63.  Stowasser M, Sharman J, Mottram PM, et al. Evidence for abnormal left ventricular structure and function in normotensive individuals with familial hyperaldosteronism type I. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:5070-5076.

64.  Mulatero P, Tizzani D, Viola A, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of familial hyperaldosteronism: the PATOGEN study (Primary Aldosteronism in TOrino-GENetic forms). Hypertension. 2011;58:797-803.

65.  Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism. J Endocrinol Invest. 1995;18:495-511.

66.  Gordon RD. Diagnostic investigations in primary aldosteronism. In: Zanchetti A, ed. Clinical medicine series on hypertension. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill International; 2001:101-114.

67.  Mulatero P, Rabbia F, Milan A, et al. Drug effects on aldosterone/plasma renin activity ratio in primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2002;40:897-902.

68.  Seifarth C, Trenkel S, Schobel H, et al. Influence of antihypertensive medication on aldosterone and renin concentration in the differential diagnosis of essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002;57:457-465.

69.  Brown MJ, Hopper RV. Calcium-channel blockade can mask the diagnosis of Conn's syndrome. Postgrad Med J. 1999;75:235-236.

70.  McKenna TJ, Sequeira SJ, Heffernan A, et al. Diagnosis under random conditions of all disorders of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, including primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;73:952-957.

71.  Stowasser M, Gordon RD. The aldosterone-renin ratio for screening for primary aldosteronism. Endocrinologist. 2004;14:267-276.

72.  Gordon RD, Tunny TJ. Aldosterone-producing adenoma (A-P-A): effect of pregnancy. Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1982;4:1685-1693.

73.  Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Klemm SA, et al. Renin-aldosterone response to dexamethasone in glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism is altered by coexistent renal artery stenosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;77:800-804.

74.  Ahmed AH, Gordon RD, Taylor P, et al. Effect of atenolol on aldosterone/renin ratio calculated by both plasma renin activity and direct renin concentration in healthy male volunteers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:3201-3206.

75.  Ahmed AH, Gordon RD, Taylor PJ, et al. Effect of contraceptives on aldosterone/renin ratio may vary according to the components of contraceptive, renin assay method, and possibly route of administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1797-1804.

76.  Ahmed AH, Gordon RD, Taylor PJ, et al. Are women more at risk of false-positive primary aldosteronism screening and unnecessary suppression testing than men? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:E340-E346.

77.  Ahmed AH, Calvird M, Gordon RD, et al. Effects of two selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants, sertraline and escitalopram, on aldosterone/renin ratio in normotensive depressed male patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1039-1045.

78.  Litchfield WR, Dluhy RG. Primary aldosteronism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1995;24:593-612.

79.  Holland OB, Brown H, Kuhnert LV, et al. Further evaluation of saline infusion for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 1984;6:717-723.

80.  Kem DC, Weinberger MH, Mayes DM, et al. Saline suppression of plasma aldosterone in hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 1971;128:380-386.

81.  Ahmed AH, Cowley D, Wolley M, et al. Seated saline suppression testing for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism: a preliminary study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:2745-2753.

82.  Jonsson JR, Klemm SA, Tunny TJ, et al. A new genetic test for familial hyperaldosteronism type I aids in the detection of curable hypertension. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995;207:565-571.

83.  Stowasser M, Bachmann AW, Jonsson JR, et al. Clinical, biochemical and genetic approaches to the detection of familial hyperaldosteronism type I. J Hypertens. 1995;13:1610-1613.

84.  Mulatero P, Veglio F, Pilon C, et al. Diagnosis of glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism in primary aldosteronism: aldosterone response to dexamethasone and long polymerase chain reaction for chimeric gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:2573-2575.

85.  Doppman JL, Gill JR Jr., Miller DL, et al. Distinction between hyperaldosteronism due to bilateral hyperplasia and unilateral aldosteronoma: reliability of CT. Radiology. 1992;184:677-682.

86.  Young WF, Stanson AW, Thompson GB, et al. Role for adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism. Surgery. 2004;136:1227-1235.

87.  Tsushima Y, Ishizaka H, Matsumoto M. Adrenal masses: differentiation with chemical shift, fast low-angle shot MR imaging. Radiology. 1993;186:705-709.

88.  Vetter H, Fischer M, Galanski M, et al. Primary aldosteronism: diagnosis and noninvasive lateralization procedures. Cardiology. 1985;72(suppl 1):57-63.

89.  Ganguly AG, Melada GA, Luetscher JA, et al. Control of plasma aldosterone in primary aldosteronism: distinction between adenoma and hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1973;37:765-775.

90.  Wisgerhof M, Brown RD, Hogan MJ, et al. The plasma aldosterone response to AII infusion in aldosterone-producing adenoma and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981;52:195-198.

91.  Gordon RD, Hamlet SM, Tunny TJ, et al. Aldosterone-producing adenomas responsive to angiotensin pose problems in diagnosis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1987;14:175-179.

92.  Gordon RD, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Hamlet SM, et al. Angiotensin-responsive aldosterone-producing adenoma masquerades as idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA: adrenal hyperplasia) or low-renin essential hypertension. J Hypertens Suppl. 1987;5:S103-S106.

93.  Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Gunasekera TG, et al. High rate of detection of primary aldosteronism, including surgically treatable forms, after 'non-selective' screening of hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2003;21:2149-2157.

94.  Daunt N. Adrenal vein sampling: how to make it quick, easy, and successful. Radiographics. 2005;25(suppl 1):S143-S158.

95.  Nishikawa T, Omura M. Clinical characteristics of primary aldosteronism: its prevalence and comparative studies on various causes of primary aldosteronism in Yokohama Rosai Hospital. Biomed Pharmacother. 2000;54(suppl 1):83S-85S.

96.  Fommei E, Ghione S, Ripoli A, et al. The ovarian cycle as a factor of variability in the laboratory screening for primary aldosteronism in women. J Hum Hypertens. 2009;23:130-135.

97.  Kempers MJ, Lenders JW, van Outheusden L, et al. Systematic review: diagnostic procedures to differentiate unilateral from bilateral adrenal abnormality in primary aldosteronism. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:329-337.

98.  Doppman JL, Gill JR. Hyperaldosteronism: sampling the adrenal veins. Radiology. 1996;198:309-312.

99.  Goupil R, Wolley M, Ahmed AH, et al. Does concomitant autonomous adrenal cortisol overproduction have the potential to confound the interpretation of adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015;83:456-461.

100.  Ulick S, Chu MD. Hypersecretion of a new corticosteroid, 18-hydroxycortisol in two types of adrenocortical hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1982;A4:1771-1777.

101.  Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Monogenic mineralocorticoid hypertension. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;20:401-420.

102.  Celen O, O'Brien MJ, Melby JC, et al. Factors influencing outcome of surgery for primary aldosteronism. Arch Surg. 1996;131:646-650.

103.  Rutherford JC, Taylor WL, Stowasser M, et al. Success of surgery in primary aldosteronism judged by residual autonomous aldosterone production. World J Surg. 1998;22:1243-1245.

104.  Stowasser M, Klemm SA, Tunny TJ, et al. Response to unilateral adrenalectomy for aldosterone-producing adenoma - effect of angiotensin responsiveness and potassium levels. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1994;21:319-322.

105.  Rutherford JC, Stowasser M, Tunny TJ, et al. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy. World J Surg. 1996;20:758-760.

106.  Kaye DR, Storey BB, Pacak K, et al. Partial adrenalectomy: underused first line therapy for small adrenal tumors. J Urol. 2010;184:18-25.

107.  Kosaka K, Onoda N, Ishikawa T, et al. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy on a patient with primary aldosteronism during pregnancy. Endocr J. 2006:53:461-466.

108.  Lim PO, Jung RT, MacDonald TM. Raised aldosterone to renin ratio predicts antihypertensive efficacy of spironolactone: a prospective cohort follow-up study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;48:756-760.

109.  Lim PO, Young WF, MacDonald TM. A review of the medical treatment of primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens. 2001;19:353-361.

110.  Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:709-717.

111.  Zannad F, Alla F, Dousset B, et al. Limitation of excessive extracellular matrix turnover may contribute to survival benefit of spironolactone therapy in patients with congestive hart failure: insights from the randomized aldactone evaluation study (RALES). Circulation. 2000;102:2700-2706.

112.  Catena C, Colussi GL, Lapenna R, et al. Long-term cardiac effects of adrenalectomy or mineralocorticoid antagonists in patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2007;50:911-918.

113.  White WB, Duprez D, St Hillaire R, et al. Effects of the selective aldosterone blocker eplerenone versus the calcium antagonist amlodipine in systolic hypertension. Hypertension. 2003;41:1021-1026.

114.  Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1309-1321.

115.  Karagiannis A, Tziomalos K, Papageorgiou A, et al. Spironolactone versus eplerenone for the treatment of idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9:509-515.

116.  Parthasarathy HK, Ménard J, White WB, et al. A double-blind, randomized study comparing the antihypertensive effect of eplerenone and spironolactone in patients with hypertension and evidence of primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens. 2011;29:980-990.

117.  Kaplan NM. Primary aldosteronism: evidence against a second epidemic. J Hypertens. 2012;30:1899-1902.

118.  Funder JW. Ultimately we are in furious agreement. J Hypertens. 2012;30:1903-1905.

119.  Walker BR, Edwards CRW. Dexamethasone-suppressible hypertension. Endocrinologist. 1993;3:87-97.

120.  Stowasser M, Bachmann AW, Huggard PJ, et al. Treatment of familial hyperaldosteronism type I: only partial suppression of hybrid gene required to correct hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:3313-3318.

121.  Delyani JA. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: the evolution of utility and pharmacology. Kidney Int. 2000;57:1408-1411.

122.  Amar L, Azizi M, Menard J, et al. Sequential comparison of aldosterone synthase inhibition and mineralocorticoid blockade in patients with primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens. 2013;31:624-629.

123.  Kuo CC, Wu VC, Tsai CW, et al. Relative kidney hyperfiltration in primary aldosteronism: a meta-analysis. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2011;12:113-122.

使用此内容应接受我们的免责声明