单侧 PA 的患者行单侧肾上腺切除术治疗
这种手术会治愈 50% 至 60% 的仔细挑选的患者的 HTN,并能改善所有其余患者的 HTN。[3]Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Klemm SA, et al. Primary aldosteronism and other forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension. In: Swales JD, ed. Textbook of hypertension. London: Blackwell Scientific; 1994:865-892.[102]Celen O, O'Brien MJ, Melby JC, et al. Factors influencing outcome of surgery for primary aldosteronism. Arch Surg. 1996;131:646-650.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8645073?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Rutherford JC, Taylor WL, Stowasser M, et al. Success of surgery in primary aldosteronism judged by residual autonomous aldosterone production. World J Surg. 1998;22:1243-1245.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841751?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Gunasekera TG, et al. High rate of detection of primary aldosteronism, including surgically treatable forms, after 'non-selective' screening of hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2003;21:2149-2157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14597859?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism: careful investigation is essential and rewarding. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2004;217:33-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15134798?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Stowasser M, Klemm SA, Tunny TJ, et al. Response to unilateral adrenalectomy for aldosterone-producing adenoma - effect of angiotensin responsiveness and potassium levels. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1994;21:319-322.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7923899?tool=bestpractice.com单侧肾上腺切除术:观察性研究的中等质量证据表明,对于单侧 PA 患者,单侧肾上腺切除术可有效治疗和改善高血压,纠正低钾血症(若存在)。[102]Celen O, O'Brien MJ, Melby JC, et al. Factors influencing outcome of surgery for primary aldosteronism. Arch Surg. 1996;131:646-650.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8645073?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Rutherford JC, Taylor WL, Stowasser M, et al. Success of surgery in primary aldosteronism judged by residual autonomous aldosterone production. World J Surg. 1998;22:1243-1245.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841751?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Gunasekera TG, et al. High rate of detection of primary aldosteronism, including surgically treatable forms, after 'non-selective' screening of hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2003;21:2149-2157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14597859?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism: careful investigation is essential and rewarding. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2004;217:33-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15134798?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Stowasser M, Klemm SA, Tunny TJ, et al. Response to unilateral adrenalectomy for aldosterone-producing adenoma - effect of angiotensin responsiveness and potassium levels. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1994;21:319-322.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7923899?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。在单侧肾上腺切除术后 1 至 6 个月内,血压通常逐渐恢复正常或改善到最大程度,但部分患者也血压可在 1 到 2 年内继续下降。[6]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Rutherford JC, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2001;2:156-169.http://jra.sagepub.com/content/2/3/156.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11881117?tool=bestpractice.com在 70% 明显的PA患者中可被生化治愈,并能改善所有其余患者的 HTN。[103]Rutherford JC, Taylor WL, Stowasser M, et al. Success of surgery in primary aldosteronism judged by residual autonomous aldosterone production. World J Surg. 1998;22:1243-1245.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841751?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Gunasekera TG, et al. High rate of detection of primary aldosteronism, including surgically treatable forms, after 'non-selective' screening of hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2003;21:2149-2157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14597859?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism: careful investigation is essential and rewarding. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2004;217:33-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15134798?tool=bestpractice.com生活质量有一致性改善。队列研究显示,心血管参数(包括超声左心室质量)可获明显改善。[56]Rossi GP, Sacchetto A, Visentin P, et al. Changes in left ventricular anatomy and function in hypertension and primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 1996;27:1039-1045.http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/5/1039http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8621194?tool=bestpractice.com[112]Catena C, Colussi GL, Lapenna R, et al. Long-term cardiac effects of adrenalectomy or mineralocorticoid antagonists in patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2007;50:911-918.http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/50/5/911http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17893375?tool=bestpractice.com
在那些明显得到治愈的患者中,12 个月后 PA 复发的情况并不常见。在持续性(尽管有所改善)PA 患者中,HTN 可对小剂量醛固酮拮抗剂反应良好,[6]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Rutherford JC, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2001;2:156-169.http://jra.sagepub.com/content/2/3/156.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11881117?tool=bestpractice.com但需要注意的是,醛固酮水平可能会大大降低。
用醛固酮拮抗剂药物治疗的患者
在大多数患者中,HTN 可获改善并得到控制。[93]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Gunasekera TG, et al. High rate of detection of primary aldosteronism, including surgically treatable forms, after 'non-selective' screening of hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2003;21:2149-2157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14597859?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism: careful investigation is essential and rewarding. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2004;217:33-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15134798?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Lim PO, Young WF, MacDonald TM. A review of the medical treatment of primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens. 2001;19:353-361.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11288803?tool=bestpractice.com低钾血症时几乎总能得到纠正。
然而,改善程度并不如单侧肾上腺切除术病变后那么显著。在队列研究中,所需降压药的平均数量并没有明显下降,[23]Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism: careful investigation is essential and rewarding. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2004;217:33-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15134798?tool=bestpractice.com并且在超声心动图测定的左心室质量上改善并不显著。[56]Rossi GP, Sacchetto A, Visentin P, et al. Changes in left ventricular anatomy and function in hypertension and primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 1996;27:1039-1045.http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/5/1039http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8621194?tool=bestpractice.com
FH-I 患者用糖皮质激素治疗
家族性醛固酮增多症I型 (FH-I) 中,可出现提早发病的HTN,除非对其进行针对性治疗,可能严重至足以引起早期死亡,通常死于出血性卒中。[16]Stowasser M, Gartside MG, Gordon RD. A PCR-based method of screening individuals of all ages, from neonates to the elderly, for familial hyperaldosteronism type I. Aust N Z J Med. 1997;27:685-690.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9483237?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Rich GM, Ulick S, Cook S, et al. Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism in a large kindred: clinical spectrum and diagnosis using a characteristic biochemical phenotype. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116:813-820.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1567095?tool=bestpractice.com但是,低剂量糖皮质激素治疗(不会造成库兴氏不良反应)通常在控制 HTN 上非常有效(进而可预防卒中),偶尔需要加用降压药。[119]Walker BR, Edwards CRW. Dexamethasone-suppressible hypertension. Endocrinologist. 1993;3:87-97.