PA 患病率:大量观察性研究的中等质量证据表明,高血压患者中 PA 患病率至少为 5%,其中大部分患者血钾正常。[26]Gordon RD, Klemm SA, Tunny TJ, et al. Primary aldosteronism: hypertension with a genetic basis. Lancet. 1992;340:159-161.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1352575?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Klemm SA, et al. Primary aldosteronism and other forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension. In: Swales JD, ed. Textbook of hypertension. London: Blackwell Scientific; 1994:865-892.[27]Young WF Jr. Primary aldosteronism: update on diagnosis and treatment. Endocrinologist. 1997;7:213-221.[28]Lim PO, Rodgers P, Cardale K, et al. Potentially high prevalence of primary aldosteronism in a primary-care population. Lancet. 1999;353:40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10023956?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Loh KC, Koay ES, Khaw MC, et al. Prevalence of primary aldosteronism among Asian hypertensive patients in Singapore. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:2854-2859.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/85/8/2854http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10946893?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Rayner BL, Opie LH, Davidson JS. The aldosterone/renin ratio as a screening test for primary aldosteronism. S Afr Med J. 2000;90:394-400.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10957926?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Fardella CE, Mosso L, Gomez-Sanchez C, et al. Primary aldosteronism in essential hypertensives: prevalence, biochemical profile and molecular biology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:1863-1867.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/85/5/1863http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10843166?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Rossi GP, Bernini G, Caliumi C, et al. A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1,125 hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:2293-2300.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17161262?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Mulatero P, Stowasser M, Loh KC, et al. Increased diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, including surgically correctable forms, in centers from five continents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:1045-1050.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/89/3/1045http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15001583?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 B 醛固酮/肾素比值的可靠性:观察性研究的中等质量证据表明,醛固酮/肾素比值是最可靠的 PA 筛检。[3]Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Klemm SA, et al. Primary aldosteronism and other forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension. In: Swales JD, ed. Textbook of hypertension. London: Blackwell Scientific; 1994:865-892.[65]Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism. J Endocrinol Invest. 1995;18:495-511.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9221268?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Gordon RD. Diagnostic investigations in primary aldosteronism. In: Zanchetti A, ed. Clinical medicine series on hypertension. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill International; 2001:101-114.[6]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Rutherford JC, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2001;2:156-169.http://jra.sagepub.com/content/2/3/156.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11881117?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Mulatero P, Rabbia F, Milan A, et al. Drug effects on aldosterone/plasma renin activity ratio in primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2002;40:897-902.http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/40/6/897http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12468576?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Seifarth C, Trenkel S, Schobel H, et al. Influence of antihypertensive medication on aldosterone and renin concentration in the differential diagnosis of essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002;57:457-465.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12354127?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Brown MJ, Hopper RV. Calcium-channel blockade can mask the diagnosis of Conn's syndrome. Postgrad Med J. 1999;75:235-236.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10715768?tool=bestpractice.com[70]McKenna TJ, Sequeira SJ, Heffernan A, et al. Diagnosis under random conditions of all disorders of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, including primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;73:952-957.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1939533?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Stowasser M, Gordon RD. The aldosterone-renin ratio for screening for primary aldosteronism. Endocrinologist. 2004;14:267-276. 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。醛固酮/肾素比值的可靠性:观察性研究的中等质量证据表明,醛固酮/肾素比值是最可靠的 PA 筛检。[3]Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Klemm SA, et al. Primary aldosteronism and other forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension. In: Swales JD, ed. Textbook of hypertension. London: Blackwell Scientific; 1994:865-892.[65]Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism. J Endocrinol Invest. 1995;18:495-511.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9221268?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Gordon RD. Diagnostic investigations in primary aldosteronism. In: Zanchetti A, ed. Clinical medicine series on hypertension. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill International; 2001:101-114.[6]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Rutherford JC, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2001;2:156-169.http://jra.sagepub.com/content/2/3/156.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11881117?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Mulatero P, Rabbia F, Milan A, et al. Drug effects on aldosterone/plasma renin activity ratio in primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2002;40:897-902.http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/40/6/897http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12468576?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Seifarth C, Trenkel S, Schobel H, et al. Influence of antihypertensive medication on aldosterone and renin concentration in the differential diagnosis of essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002;57:457-465.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12354127?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Brown MJ, Hopper RV. Calcium-channel blockade can mask the diagnosis of Conn's syndrome. Postgrad Med J. 1999;75:235-236.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10715768?tool=bestpractice.com[70]McKenna TJ, Sequeira SJ, Heffernan A, et al. Diagnosis under random conditions of all disorders of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, including primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;73:952-957.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1939533?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Stowasser M, Gordon RD. The aldosterone-renin ratio for screening for primary aldosteronism. Endocrinologist. 2004;14:267-276.
证据 B 家族性醛固酮增多症I型 (FH-I) 基因检测:几项观察性研究的中等质量证据表明 FH-I 杂合基因的基因检测具有高度敏感性和特异性。[16]Stowasser M, Gartside MG, Gordon RD. A PCR-based method of screening individuals of all ages, from neonates to the elderly, for familial hyperaldosteronism type I. Aust N Z J Med. 1997;27:685-690.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9483237?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Jonsson JR, Klemm SA, Tunny TJ, et al. A new genetic test for familial hyperaldosteronism type I aids in the detection of curable hypertension. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995;207:565-571.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7864844?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Stowasser M, Bachmann AW, Jonsson JR, et al. Clinical, biochemical and genetic approaches to the detection of familial hyperaldosteronism type I. J Hypertens. 1995;13:1610-1613.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8903619?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Mulatero P, Veglio F, Pilon C, et al. Diagnosis of glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism in primary aldosteronism: aldosterone response to dexamethasone and long polymerase chain reaction for chimeric gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:2573-2575.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/83/7/2573http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9661646?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。家族性醛固酮增多症I型 (FH-I) 基因检测:几项观察性研究的中等质量证据表明 FH-I 杂合基因的基因检测具有高度敏感性和特异性。[16]Stowasser M, Gartside MG, Gordon RD. A PCR-based method of screening individuals of all ages, from neonates to the elderly, for familial hyperaldosteronism type I. Aust N Z J Med. 1997;27:685-690.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9483237?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Jonsson JR, Klemm SA, Tunny TJ, et al. A new genetic test for familial hyperaldosteronism type I aids in the detection of curable hypertension. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995;207:565-571.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7864844?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Stowasser M, Bachmann AW, Jonsson JR, et al. Clinical, biochemical and genetic approaches to the detection of familial hyperaldosteronism type I. J Hypertens. 1995;13:1610-1613.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8903619?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Mulatero P, Veglio F, Pilon C, et al. Diagnosis of glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism in primary aldosteronism: aldosterone response to dexamethasone and long polymerase chain reaction for chimeric gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:2573-2575.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/83/7/2573http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9661646?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 B 计算机断层扫描对比肾上腺静脉采血:几项观察性研究的中等质量结果表明,肾上腺静脉采血用于诊断醛固酮腺瘤可靠性强,而有几项观察性研究报告肾上腺计算机断层扫描用于诊断醛固酮腺瘤缺乏敏感性和特异性。[93]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Gunasekera TG, et al. High rate of detection of primary aldosteronism, including surgically treatable forms, after 'non-selective' screening of hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2003;21:2149-2157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14597859?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Daunt N. Adrenal vein sampling: how to make it quick, easy, and successful. Radiographics. 2005;25(suppl 1):S143-S158.http://radiographics.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/full/25/suppl_1/S143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16227488?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Rutherford JC, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2001;2:156-169.http://jra.sagepub.com/content/2/3/156.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11881117?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Doppman JL, Gill JR Jr., Miller DL, et al. Distinction between hyperaldosteronism due to bilateral hyperplasia and unilateral aldosteronoma: reliability of CT. Radiology. 1992;184:677-682.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1509049?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Young WF, Stanson AW, Thompson GB, et al. Role for adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism. Surgery. 2004;136:1227-1235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15657580?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。计算机断层扫描对比肾上腺静脉采血:几项观察性研究的中等质量结果表明,肾上腺静脉采血用于诊断醛固酮腺瘤可靠性强,而有几项观察性研究报告肾上腺计算机断层扫描用于诊断醛固酮腺瘤缺乏敏感性和特异性。[93]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Gunasekera TG, et al. High rate of detection of primary aldosteronism, including surgically treatable forms, after 'non-selective' screening of hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2003;21:2149-2157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14597859?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Daunt N. Adrenal vein sampling: how to make it quick, easy, and successful. Radiographics. 2005;25(suppl 1):S143-S158.http://radiographics.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/full/25/suppl_1/S143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16227488?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Rutherford JC, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2001;2:156-169.http://jra.sagepub.com/content/2/3/156.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11881117?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Doppman JL, Gill JR Jr., Miller DL, et al. Distinction between hyperaldosteronism due to bilateral hyperplasia and unilateral aldosteronoma: reliability of CT. Radiology. 1992;184:677-682.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1509049?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Young WF, Stanson AW, Thompson GB, et al. Role for adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism. Surgery. 2004;136:1227-1235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15657580?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 B 单侧肾上腺切除术:观察性研究的中等质量证据表明,对于单侧 PA 患者,单侧肾上腺切除术可有效治疗和改善高血压,纠正低钾血症(若存在)。[102]Celen O, O'Brien MJ, Melby JC, et al. Factors influencing outcome of surgery for primary aldosteronism. Arch Surg. 1996;131:646-650.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8645073?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Rutherford JC, Taylor WL, Stowasser M, et al. Success of surgery in primary aldosteronism judged by residual autonomous aldosterone production. World J Surg. 1998;22:1243-1245.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841751?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Gunasekera TG, et al. High rate of detection of primary aldosteronism, including surgically treatable forms, after 'non-selective' screening of hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2003;21:2149-2157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14597859?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism: careful investigation is essential and rewarding. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2004;217:33-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15134798?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Stowasser M, Klemm SA, Tunny TJ, et al. Response to unilateral adrenalectomy for aldosterone-producing adenoma - effect of angiotensin responsiveness and potassium levels. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1994;21:319-322.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7923899?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。单侧肾上腺切除术:观察性研究的中等质量证据表明,对于单侧 PA 患者,单侧肾上腺切除术可有效治疗和改善高血压,纠正低钾血症(若存在)。[102]Celen O, O'Brien MJ, Melby JC, et al. Factors influencing outcome of surgery for primary aldosteronism. Arch Surg. 1996;131:646-650.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8645073?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Rutherford JC, Taylor WL, Stowasser M, et al. Success of surgery in primary aldosteronism judged by residual autonomous aldosterone production. World J Surg. 1998;22:1243-1245.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841751?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Gunasekera TG, et al. High rate of detection of primary aldosteronism, including surgically treatable forms, after 'non-selective' screening of hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2003;21:2149-2157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14597859?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism: careful investigation is essential and rewarding. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2004;217:33-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15134798?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Stowasser M, Klemm SA, Tunny TJ, et al. Response to unilateral adrenalectomy for aldosterone-producing adenoma - effect of angiotensin responsiveness and potassium levels. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1994;21:319-322.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7923899?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 B PA 的高血压和低钾血症控制:观察性研究的中等质量证据表明,对于 PA 患者,螺内酯和阿米洛利可有效改善高血压,纠正低钾血症,而阿米洛利作用稍弱。[93]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Gunasekera TG, et al. High rate of detection of primary aldosteronism, including surgically treatable forms, after 'non-selective' screening of hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2003;21:2149-2157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14597859?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism: careful investigation is essential and rewarding. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2004;217:33-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15134798?tool=bestpractice.com[108]Lim PO, Jung RT, MacDonald TM. Raised aldosterone to renin ratio predicts antihypertensive efficacy of spironolactone: a prospective cohort follow-up study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;48:756-760.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2014356/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10594479?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Lim PO, Young WF, MacDonald TM. A review of the medical treatment of primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens. 2001;19:353-361.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11288803?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。PA 的高血压和低钾血症控制:观察性研究的中等质量证据表明,对于 PA 患者,螺内酯和阿米洛利可有效改善高血压,纠正低钾血症,而阿米洛利作用稍弱。[93]Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Gunasekera TG, et al. High rate of detection of primary aldosteronism, including surgically treatable forms, after 'non-selective' screening of hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2003;21:2149-2157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14597859?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism: careful investigation is essential and rewarding. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2004;217:33-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15134798?tool=bestpractice.com[108]Lim PO, Jung RT, MacDonald TM. Raised aldosterone to renin ratio predicts antihypertensive efficacy of spironolactone: a prospective cohort follow-up study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;48:756-760.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2014356/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10594479?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Lim PO, Young WF, MacDonald TM. A review of the medical treatment of primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens. 2001;19:353-361.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11288803?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 B FH-I 的高血压和低钾血症控制:观察性研究的中等质量证据表明,对于 FH-I 患者,糖皮质激素可有效纠正高血压和低钾血症(若存在)。[38]Sutherland DJA, Ruse JL, Laidlaw JC. Hypertension, increased aldosterone secretion and low plasma renin activity relieved by dexamethasone. Can Med Assoc J. 1966;95:1109-1119.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=4288576http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4288576?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Stowasser M, Bachmann AW, Huggard PJ, et al. Treatment of familial hyperaldosteronism type I: only partial suppression of hybrid gene required to correct hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:3313-3318.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/85/9/3313http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10999827?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。FH-I 的高血压和低钾血症控制:观察性研究的中等质量证据表明,对于 FH-I 患者,糖皮质激素可有效纠正高血压和低钾血症(若存在)。[38]Sutherland DJA, Ruse JL, Laidlaw JC. Hypertension, increased aldosterone secretion and low plasma renin activity relieved by dexamethasone. Can Med Assoc J. 1966;95:1109-1119.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=4288576http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4288576?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Stowasser M, Bachmann AW, Huggard PJ, et al. Treatment of familial hyperaldosteronism type I: only partial suppression of hybrid gene required to correct hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:3313-3318.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/85/9/3313http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10999827?tool=bestpractice.com
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