人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)通过皮肤接触传播,因此,安全的性行为和有效的屏障避孕可能在初级预防中可发挥作用。[20]Parazzini F, Negri E, La Vecchia C, et al. Barrier methods of contraception and the risk of cervical neoplasia. Contraception. 1989 Nov;40(5):519-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2692961?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,这个问题很复杂。[21]Erbelding EJ, Zenilman JM. Toward better control of sexually transmitted diseases. N Engl J Med. 2005 Feb 17;352(7):720-1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15716568?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Bulkmans NW, Berkhof J, Rozendaal L, et al. Human papillomavirus DNA testing for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 and cancer: 5-year follow-up of a randomised controlled implementation trial. Lancet. 2007 Nov 24;370(9601):1764-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17919718?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价证据表明,使用宫内节育器可以降低患宫颈癌的风险,但对此类结论的解释应谨慎,因为其纳入的研究在 HPV 疫苗得以采用之前完成,包括未接受宫颈癌定期筛查的女性。[23]Cortessis VK, Barrett M, Brown Wade N, et al. Intrauterine device use and cervical cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Dec;130(6):1226-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29112647?tool=bestpractice.com
HPV 疫苗接种可以预防 HPV 感染和 HPV 相关性疾病。[24]Joura EA, Giuliano AR, Iversen OE, et al. A 9-valent HPV vaccine against infection and intraepithelial neoplasia in women. N Engl J Med. 2015 Feb 19;372(8):711-23.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1405044#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25693011?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Supplemental information and guidance for vaccination providers regarding use of 9-valent HPV vaccine. November 2016 [internet publication].http://www.cdc.gov/hpv/downloads/9vHPV-guidance.pdf[26]Munoz N, Manalastas R Jr, Pitisuttithum P, et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) recombinant vaccine in women aged 24-45 years: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2009 Jun 6;373(9679):1949-57.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19493565?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Koutsky LA, Ault KA, Wheeler CM, et al. A controlled trial of a human papillomavirus type 16 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 21;347(21):1645-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12444178?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Harper DM, Franco EL, Wheeler C, et al. Efficacy of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine in prevention of infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 Nov 13-19;364(9447):1757-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15541448?tool=bestpractice.com 大多数与 HPV 相关的癌症由16或18型 HPV 引发(约 70%),这两种型别均为 HPV 疫苗的靶标。[9]Muñoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S, et al. Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003 Feb 6;348(6):518-27.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa021641#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12571259?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Braaten KP, Laufer MR. Human papillomavirus (HPV), HPV-related disease, and the HPV vaccine. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Winter;1(1):2-10.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2492590/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18701931?tool=bestpractice.com
全球有三种 HPV 疫苗:
在英国,四价疫苗通常以两剂时序(间隔 6至24个月)提供给12至13岁的女孩进行接种。[30]Public Health England. Human papillomavirus (HPV): the green book, chapter 18a. June 2014 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/human-papillomavirus-hpv-the-green-book-chapter-18a 截至 2016年,美国唯一可使用的 HPV 疫苗是九价疫苗,可预防HPV 6、11、16、18、31、33、45、52和58型感染。CDC: human papillomavirus - clinician factsheets and guidance
在美国,所有青少年的疫苗接种推荐年龄为11 至 12 岁,但接种可以在早至9岁便开始。CDC: immunization schedule for children and adolescentsCDC: immunization schedules for adults 推荐的疫苗接种时序为,15岁之前开始接种疫苗,采用0和6至12个月的两次肌内注射,15岁之后开始接种疫苗,则在0、1至2个月,以及6个月时进行三次肌内注射。
HPV 疫苗接种也建议给予美国以下人群:CDC: human papillomavirus - clinician factsheets and guidance
由于社会经济地位低下人群宫颈癌风险的较高,疫苗的初级预防在此人群中尤其有效,但对难以获得卫生保健服务的这一人群倡导疫苗接种一直具有挑战性。[31]Jandorf L, Fatone A, Borker PV, et al. Creating alliances to improve cancer prevention and detection among urban medically underserved minority groups: the East Harlem Partnership for Cancer Awareness. Cancer. 2006 Oct 15;107(8 suppl):2043-51.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.22153/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16977600?tool=bestpractice.com