就目前的治疗方式而言,成人急性淋巴细胞白血病患者的治疗结局在很大程度上依赖于年龄。对于年龄小于 30 岁、30~60 岁和大于 60 岁的患者,完全缓解率分别为 90%、81% 和 52%,3 年总生存率分别为 58%、38% 和 12%。[144]Larson RA. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: older patients and newer drugs. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2005:131-6.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2005/1/131http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16304370?tool=bestpractice.com
预后因素
不利预后因素包括老年患者、就诊时白细胞 (WBC) 计数超过 100x10^9/L (100,000/μL)、4 周治疗内不能达到完全缓解、不良的细胞遗传学异常(t(9;22)、11q23重排、t(1;19)、t(8;14)、t(12;21) 和染色体条带 14q11-13 异常)。白细胞计数低于 30 x 10^9/L (30 000/μL) 和 4 周内对治疗有反应的更年轻的患者,具有最佳预后。[1]Pui CH, Relling MV, Downing JR. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2004 Apr 8;350(15):1535-48.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15071128?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Pui CH, Evans WH. Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 12;354(2):166-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407512?tool=bestpractice.com[145]Thomas X, Le QH. Current therapeutic strategies in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the adult. Bull Cancer. 2003 Oct;90(10):833-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14706913?tool=bestpractice.com[146]Thomas X, Le QH. Prognostic factors in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematology. 2003 Aug;8(4):233-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12911941?tool=bestpractice.com[147]Pui CH, Carroll WL, Meshinchi S, et al. Biology, risk stratification, and therapy of pediatric acute leukemias: an update. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Feb 10;29(5):551-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220611?tool=bestpractice.com[148]Rowe JM. Prognostic factors in adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2010 Aug;150(4):389-405.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20573154?tool=bestpractice.com
个体风险取决于各种临床和生物学因素,包括:
年龄:没有明确的年龄界限。年龄小于 1 岁和大于 10 岁的儿童为高危患者。虽然年龄的影响是持续可变的,但 35 岁以上的成人患者也是高危人群。[56]Rowe JM, Buck G, Burnett AK, et al. Induction therapy for adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of more than 1500 patients from the international ALL trial: MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993. Blood. 2005 Dec 1;106(12):3760-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16105981?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Goldstone AH, Richards SM, Lazarus HM, et al. In adults with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the greatest benefit is achieved from a matched sibling allogeneic transplantation in first complete remission, and an autologous transplantation is less effective than conventional consolidation/maintenance chemotherapy in all patients: final results of the International ALL Trial (MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993). Blood. 2008 Feb 15;111(4):1827-33.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/111/4/1827.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18048644?tool=bestpractice.com
就诊时白细胞计数:白细胞数目也是一个连续变量,不过判定为高风险的界值是:B 细胞 ALL:>30*10^9/L;T 细胞 ALL:>100*10^9/L。
细胞遗传学检测是最强的结局预测因子,现已得到广泛研究。
以下细胞遗传学检测与不良结局有关:[58]Moorman AV, Harrison CJ, Buck GA, et al; Adult Leukaemia Working Party, Medical Research Council/National Cancer Research Institute. Karyotype is an independent prognostic factor in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): analysis of cytogenetic data from patients treated on the Medical Research Council (MRC) UKALLXII/Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 2993 Trial. Blood. 2007 Apr 15;109(8):3189-97.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/109/8/3189.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170120?tool=bestpractice.com
与上述提及因素相比,del (9q) 和高超二倍体(51-65 个染色体)与更为有利的结局相关。
成人急性淋巴细胞白血病最常见的细胞遗传学异常是 t(9;22)(q34;q11),即费城染色体。这些患者常常患有标准化疗耐药的侵袭性疾病。[25]Stock W. Current treatment options for adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2010 Feb;51(2):188-98.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20001232?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Watanabe K, Minami Y, Ozawa Y, et al. T315I mutation in Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia is associated with a highly aggressive disease phenotype: three case reports. Anticancer Res. 2012 May;32(5):1779-83.http://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/32/5/1779.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22593461?tool=bestpractice.com 存在 T315I 突变的费城染色体阳性 (Ph(+)) 患者与高度侵袭性疾病有关,[25]Stock W. Current treatment options for adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2010 Feb;51(2):188-98.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20001232?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Watanabe K, Minami Y, Ozawa Y, et al. T315I mutation in Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia is associated with a highly aggressive disease phenotype: three case reports. Anticancer Res. 2012 May;32(5):1779-83.http://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/32/5/1779.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22593461?tool=bestpractice.com 并且会对标准化疗以及第一代和第二代酪氨酸激酶抑制剂产生抗药性。
存在髓外病变:诊断时的中枢神经系统受累情况似乎并不影响完全缓解率、无病生存率或总生存率的总体结局。
反应速度(即,达到完全缓解所用的时间)。
出现微小残留病:不良结局的标志物[59]Bassen R, Spinelli O, Oldani E, et al. Improved risk classification for risk-specific therapy based on the molecular study of minimal residual disease (MRD) in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Blood. 2009 Apr 30;113(18):4153-62.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/113/18/4153.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19141862?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Campana D. Minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2010 Dec;(1):7-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239764?tool=bestpractice.com
复发/难治性疾病
复发或难治性疾病的预后治疗通常效差。中位生存期短于一年,并短于长期生存患者生存期的四分之一。长期生存依赖于达到完全缓解以及后续的异体造血细胞移植。
个体风险取决于各种临床和生物学因素,包括:
年龄:更年轻的患者更容易达到完全缓解,也有更佳的生存情况;20 岁以下和 50 岁以上患者的 5 年生存率分别为 12% 和 3%。[149]Pui CH, Evans WE. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1998 Aug 27;339(9):605-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9718381?tool=bestpractice.com
首次完全缓解的持续时间长:首次缓解持续时间为 2 年左右的患者生存情况更好。[150]Teachey DT, Hunger SP. Predicting relapse risk in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2013 Sep;162(5):606-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23808872?tool=bestpractice.com
复发部位:是否累及了其他部位
造血细胞移植时的病情:若患者在挽救疗法后的完全缓解期接受了造血细胞移植治疗,则与接受造血细胞移植治疗时未处于完全缓解期的患者相比,他们的治疗效果会更好。[151]Kebriaei P, Poon LM. The role of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the therapy of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2012 Jun;7(2):144-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22410763?tool=bestpractice.com