已经提出了病毒、精神性、炎症、自身反应和代谢组学机制来解释 CFS/ME 的病理生理,但均未经过验证。在将客观生物标志物作为诊断特征或者在 CFS/ME 表型鉴定方面,这些机制尚未达成共识。在临床上证实这些潜在的生物标志物之前,CFS/ME 的病理生理学机制仍不明确,诊断仍完全依据自述症状和功能障碍。
对运动员和长期不运动患者的研究提供了其他假说,这项研究有助于将运动作为治疗方案。“中枢疲劳假说”提出了脑功能的原发性失调导致嗜睡和丧失驱动力。[48]Acworth I, Nicholass J, Morgan B, et al. Effect of sustained exercise on concentrations of plasma aromatic and branched-chain amino acids and brain amines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1986 May 29;137(1):149-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2424444?tool=bestpractice.com “脱适应假说”提出,卧床休息和避免运动等可逆的生理学作用会使 CFS/ME 持续存在,而运动将逆转脱适应的后果。[49]White PD, Goldsmith KA, Johnson AL, et al. Comparison of adaptive pacing therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, graded exercise therapy, and specialist medical care for chronic fatigue syndrome (PACE): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2011 Mar 5;377(9768):823-36.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3065633/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21334061?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Clark LV, White PD. The role of deconditioning and therapeutic exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). J Ment Health. 2006;14:237-52.[51]Fulcher KY, White PD. Strength and physiological response to exercise in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000 Sep;69(3):302-7.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1737090/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10945803?tool=bestpractice.com
脱适应定义为在心肺运动试验期间,最大用力时的氧摄取量下降(最大摄氧量 [VO₂ max]<最大摄氧量预测值的 85%)。[52]Gutkin M, Stewart JM. Orthostatic circulatory disorders: from nosology to nuts and bolts. Am J Hypertens. 2016 Sep;29(9):1009-19.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4978226/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27037712?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Parsaik A, Allison TG, Singer W, et al. Deconditioning in patients with orthostatic intolerance. Neurology. 2012 Oct 2;79(14):1435-9.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3525293/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22993288?tool=bestpractice.com “运动脱适应”存在于长期卧床不起和不活动的人[53]Parsaik A, Allison TG, Singer W, et al. Deconditioning in patients with orthostatic intolerance. Neurology. 2012 Oct 2;79(14):1435-9.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3525293/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22993288?tool=bestpractice.com 以及高达 90% 的直立不耐受患者,经常发生在 CFS/ME 患者中。[52]Gutkin M, Stewart JM. Orthostatic circulatory disorders: from nosology to nuts and bolts. Am J Hypertens. 2016 Sep;29(9):1009-19.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4978226/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27037712?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Parsaik A, Allison TG, Singer W, et al. Deconditioning in patients with orthostatic intolerance. Neurology. 2012 Oct 2;79(14):1435-9.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3525293/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22993288?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,CFS/ME 是一种特殊情况,因为连续 2 天最大程度的运动会导致第二天 VO₂ max 显著下降 10% 至 15%,这是其他疾病患者中见不到的。[54]Vermeulen RC, Vermeulen van Eck IW. Decreased oxygen extraction during cardiopulmonary exercise test in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Transl Med. 2014 Jan 23;12:20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24456560?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Snell CR, Stevens SR, Davenport TE, et al. Discriminative validity of metabolic and workload measurements for identifying people with chronic fatigue syndrome. Phys Ther. 2013 Nov;93(11):1484-92.https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article/93/11/1484/2735315http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23813081?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Keller BA, Pryor JL, Giloteaux L. Inability of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients to reproduce VO₂peak indicates functional impairment. J Transl Med. 2014 Apr 23;12:104.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4004422/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24755065?tool=bestpractice.com
对于 CFS/ME 患者,亚极量运动是一个应激源,可诱导大多数 (71%) CFS/ME 患者外周血白细胞内出现伤害感受性传感蛋白、离子通道和肾上腺素能及其他受体 mRNA 表达改变的独特形式,但在对照者和抑郁、前列腺癌、多发性硬化或纤维肌痛患者中未观察到这一情况。[57]White AT, Light AR, Hughen RW, et al. Differences in metabolite-detecting, adrenergic, and immune gene expression after moderate exercise in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, patients with multiple sclerosis, and healthy controls. Psychosom Med. 2012 Jan;74(1):46-54.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256093/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22210239?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Light AR, Bateman L, Jo D, et al. Gene expression alterations at baseline and following moderate exercise in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia syndrome. J Intern Med. 2012 Jan;271(1):64-81.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3175315/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21615807?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Iacob E, Light AR, Donaldson GW, et al. Gene expression factor analysis to differentiate pathways linked to fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and depression in a diverse patient sample. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2016 Jan;68(1):132-40.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4684820/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26097208?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Light AR, White AT, Hughen RW, et al. Moderate exercise increases expression for sensory, adrenergic, and immune genes in chronic fatigue syndrome patients but not in normal subjects. J Pain. 2009 Oct;10(10):1099-112.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2757484/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19647494?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Light KC, Agarwal N, Iacob E, et al. Differing leukocyte gene expression profiles associated with fatigue in patients with prostate cancer versus chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013 Dec;38(12):2983-95.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3848711/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24054763?tool=bestpractice.com (其余 29% 的患者在运动后未出现 mRNA 升高,但可能有更高的直立不耐受发生率。)
“西方生活方式假说”认为有氧运动减少和脱适应与许多疾病有关,这些疾病的范围可从代谢综合征到抑郁和加速衰老。[62]Pruimboom L, Raison CL, Muskiet FA. Physical activity protects the human brain against metabolic stress induced by a postprandial and chronic inflammation. Behav Neurol. 2015;2015:569869.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4436444/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26074674?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Booth FW, Roberts CK, Laye MJ. Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases. Compr Physiol. 2012 Apr;2(2):1143-211.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4241367/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23798298?tool=bestpractice.com 有学者提出与白介素-6 相关的低级别炎症是一个共同特点。[64]Thielen JW, Kärgel C, Müller BW, et al. Aerobic activity in the healthy elderly is associated with larger plasticity in memory related brain structures and lower systemic inflammation. Front Aging Neurosci. 2016 Dec 26;8:319.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5183624/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28082894?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,这种高度泛化的病理生理学观点和运动处方可能不适用于 CFS/ME 患者的疲劳和劳累后不适。
已有学者提出,在 CFS/ME 患者中,左心室减小和心排血量减低的“小心脏综合征”会引起机体耐力不良和慢性疲劳状态。[65]Peckerman A, LaManca JJ, Dahl KA, et al. Abnormal impedance cardiography predicts symptom severity in chronic fatigue syndrome. Am J Med Sci. 2003 Aug;326(2):55-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920435?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Miwa K, Fujita M. Small heart with low cardiac output for orthostatic intolerance in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Cardiol. 2011 Dec;34(12):782-6.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/clc.20962/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22120591?tool=bestpractice.com心排血量低这一发现与姿势性体位性心动过速综合征有重叠。[67]Sheldon RS, Grubb BP 2nd, Olshansky B, et al. 2015 Heart Rhythm Society expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, and vasovagal syncope. Heart Rhythm. 2015 Jun;12(6):e41-63.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5267948/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25980576?tool=bestpractice.com 提出的心排血量低也可能导致最大心肺运动负荷试验中表现下滑和 VO₂ max 降低。[56]Keller BA, Pryor JL, Giloteaux L. Inability of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients to reproduce VO₂peak indicates functional impairment. J Transl Med. 2014 Apr 23;12:104.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4004422/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24755065?tool=bestpractice.com
CFS/ME 患者的认知障碍会影响注意力、记忆力和反应时间。[68]Cockshell SJ, Mathias JL. Cognitive functioning in chronic fatigue syndrome: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2010 Aug;40(8):1253-67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047703?tool=bestpractice.com 神经影像学检查显示多个区域脑功能障碍。[69]Schwartz RB, Garada BM, Komaroff AL, et al. Detection of intracranial abnormalities in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: comparison of MR imaging and SPECT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994 Apr;162(4):935-41.http://www.ajronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2214/ajr.162.4.8141020http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8141020?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Caseras X, Mataix-Cols D, Giampietro V, et al. Probing the working memory system in chronic fatigue syndrome: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study using the n-back task. Psychosom Med. 2006 Nov-Dec;68(6):947-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17079703?tool=bestpractice.com[71]van der Schaaf ME, De Lange FP, Schmits IC, et al. Prefrontal structure varies as a function of pain symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome. Biol Psychiatry. 2017 Feb 15;81(4):358-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27817843?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Miller AH, Jones JF, Drake DF, et al. Decreased basal ganglia activation in subjects with chronic fatigue syndrome: association with symptoms of fatigue. PLoS One. 2014 May 23;9(5):e98156.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4032274/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24858857?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Kim BH, Namkoong K, Kim JJ, et al. Altered resting-state functional connectivity in women with chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychiatry Res. 2015 Dec 30;234(3):292-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26602611?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Wortinger LA, Endestad T, Melinder AM, et al. Aberrant resting-state functional connectivity in the salience network of adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome. PLoS One. 2016 Jul 14;11(7):e0159351.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4944916/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27414048?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Barnden LR, Crouch B, Kwiatek R, et al. Evidence in chronic fatigue syndrome for severity-dependent upregulation of prefrontal myelination that is independent of anxiety and depression. NMR Biomed. 2015 Mar;28(3):404-13.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4369127/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25702943?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Shan ZY, Kwiatek R, Burnet R, et al. Progressive brain changes in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: a longitudinal MRI study. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2016 Nov;44(5):1301-11.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5111735/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27123773?tool=bestpractice.com 已经发现在 CFS/ME 患者中自主神经功能障碍与应激反应所涉及的脑干血管舒缩核以及参与应激反应的边缘核[77]Barnden LR, Crouch B, Kwiatek R, et al. A brain MRI study of chronic fatigue syndrome: evidence of brainstem dysfunction and altered homeostasis. NMR Biomed. 2011 Dec;24(10):1302-12.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4369126/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21560176?tool=bestpractice.com 的体积减少相关。[78]Barnden LR, Kwiatek R, Crouch B, et al. Autonomic correlations with MRI are abnormal in the brainstem vasomotor centre in chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuroimage Clin. 2016 Mar 31;11:530-7.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4833047/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27114901?tool=bestpractice.com 扣带回皮质、海马、杏仁核、丘脑、中脑和脑桥中的小胶质细胞激活提示 CFS/ME 患者存在神经炎症。[79]Nakatomi Y, Mizuno K, Ishii A, et al. Neuroinflammation in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: an 11C-(R)-PK11195 PET study. J Nucl Med. 2014 Jun;55(6):945-50.http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/55/6/945.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24665088?tool=bestpractice.com
提出了传入感觉(威胁评估)自主神经功能回路的功能障碍,从而导致更强烈的感知觉、焦虑和交感神经反射失调。[80]Kozlowska K, Walker P, McLean L, et al. Fear and the defense cascade: clinical implications and management. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2015 Jul-Aug;23(4):263-87.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4495877/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26062169?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Bracha HS. Freeze, flight, fight, fright, faint: adaptationist perspectives on the acute stress response spectrum. CNS Spectr. 2004 Sep;9(9):679-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15337864?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Bracha HS. Human brain evolution and the "Neuroevolutionary Time-depth Principle:" Implications for the reclassification of fear-circuitry-related traits in DSM-V and for studying resilience to warzone-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;30(5):827-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16563589?tool=bestpractice.com 感觉传入感知失调可能导致光过敏/畏光(偏头痛)、前庭失调(直立不耐受)、对刺激物的化学敏感性,以及机械敏感性牵张受体激活(肌痛、关节痛、全身性痛觉过敏)。自主神经反应可能包括心悸、出汗、直立、血管舒张,随后出现热量流失和寒战以及排便/排尿急迫。许多此类放大或失去抑制的感知性体验被纳入 CFS/ME 标准。[3]Fukuda K, Straus SE, Hickie I, et al. The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Dec 15;121(12):953-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7978722?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Carruthers BM, Jain AK, De Meirleir KL, et al. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: clinical working case definition, diagnostic and treatment protocols. 2003 [internet publication].http://med.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/chronicfatigue/documents/overview/CanadianCriteriaCFS2003.pdf[83]Carruthers BM, van de Sande MI, De Meirleir KL, et al. Myalgic encephalomyelitis: International Consensus Criteria. J Intern Med. 2011 Oct;270(4):327-38.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21777306?tool=bestpractice.com
基于 CFS/ME 患者中 B、T 和自然杀伤 (NK) 细胞功能障碍的一致模式,提出了免疫功能失调。[84]Fluge Ø, Bruland O, Risa K, et al. Benefit from B-lymphocyte depletion using the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab in chronic fatigue syndrome: a double-blind and placebo-controlled study. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e26358.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3198463/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22039471?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Fluge Ø, Mella O. Clinical impact of B-cell depletion with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab in chronic fatigue syndrome: a preliminary case series. BMC Neurol. 2009 Jul 1;9:28.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2711959/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19566965?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Lyall M, Peakman M, Wessley S. A systematic review and critical evaluation of the immunology of chronic fatigue syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 2003 Aug;55(2):79-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12932505?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Hornig M, Gottschalk G, Peterson DL, et al. Cytokine network analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Mol Psychiatry. 2016 Feb;21(2):261-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25824300?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Fletcher MA, Zeng XR, Barnes Z, et al. Plasma cytokines in women with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Transl Med. 2009 Nov 12;7:96.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779802/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19909538?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Broderick G, Fuite J, Kreitz A, et al. A formal analysis of cytokine networks in chronic fatigue syndrome. Brain Behav Immun. 2010 Oct;24(7):1209-17.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2939140/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20447453?tool=bestpractice.com NK 细胞功能障碍被认为是慢性病毒感染的一个危险因素,但依旧没有发现微生物。[90]Nguyen T, Johnston S, Clarke L, et al. Impaired calcium mobilization in natural killer cells from chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis patients is associated with transient receptor potential melastatin 3 ion channels. Clin Exp Immunol. 2017 Feb;187(2):284-93.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5217865/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27727448?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Fletcher MA, Zeng XR, Barnes Z, et al. Plasma cytokines in women with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Transl Med. 2009 Nov 12;7:96.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779802/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19909538?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Fletcher MA, Zeng XR, Maher K, et al. Biomarkers in chronic fatigue syndrome: evaluation of natural killer cell function and dipeptidyl peptidase IV/CD26. PLoS One. 2010 May 25;5(5):e10817.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2876037/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20520837?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Curriu M, Carrillo J, Massanella M, et al. Screening NK-, B- and T-cell phenotype and function in patients suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome. J Transl Med. 2013 Mar 20;11:68.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3614537/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23514202?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Brenu EW, van Driel ML, Staines DR, et al. Longitudinal investigation of natural killer cells and cytokines in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. J Transl Med. 2012 May 9;10:88.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3464733/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22571715?tool=bestpractice.com在 CFS/ME 和体位性心动过速综合征患者中发现的肾上腺素受体抗体提示存在自身免疫的可能性。[94]Li H, Yu X, Liles C, et al. Autoimmune basis for postural tachycardia syndrome. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014 Feb 26;3(1):e000755.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/JAHA.113.000755http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24572257?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Ruzieh M, Batizy L, Dasa O, et al. The role of autoantibodies in the syndromes of orthostatic intolerance: a systematic review. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2017 Oct;51(5):243-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28738696?tool=bestpractice.com细胞因子的改变、[96]White AT, Light AR, Hughen RW, et al. Severity of symptom flare after moderate exercise is linked to cytokine activity in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychophysiology. 2010 Jul 1;47(4):615-24.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4378647/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20230500?tool=bestpractice.com微 RNA 表达、[97]Brenu EW, Ashton KJ, Batovska J, et al. High-throughput sequencing of plasma microRNA in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. PLoS One. 2014 Sep 19;9(9):e102783.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4169517/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25238588?tool=bestpractice.com DNA 的表观遗传修饰,[98]de Vega WC, Vernon SD, McGowan PO. DNA methylation modifications associated with chronic fatigue syndrome. PLoS One. 2014 Aug 11;9(8):e104757.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4128721/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25111603?tool=bestpractice.com 以及遗传多态性[99]Carlo-Stella N, Bozzini S, De Silvestri A, et al. Molecular study of receptor for advanced glycation endproduct gene promoter and identification of specific HLA haplotypes possibly involved in chronic fatigue syndrome. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009 Jul-Sep;22(3):745-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822091?tool=bestpractice.com 均有报道,但未经证实。肠道菌群在 CFS/ME 患者中的多样性降低,[100]Giloteaux L, Goodrich JK, Walters WA, et al. Reduced diversity and altered composition of the gut microbiome in individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Microbiome. 2016 Jun 23;4(1):30.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4918027/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27338587?tool=bestpractice.com 并且在运动后,相较于对照者,CFS/ME 患者的肠道菌群似乎更容易进入外周血。[101]Shukla SK, Cook D, Meyer J, et al. Changes in gut and plasma microbiome following exercise challenge in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). PLoS One. 2015 Dec 18;10(12):e0145453.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4684203/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26683192?tool=bestpractice.com
在代谢组学研究中,已经证实了 CFS/ME 患者的线粒体功能障碍。[46]Fluge Ø, Mella O, Bruland O, et al. Metabolic profiling indicates impaired pyruvate dehydrogenase function in myalgic encephalopathy/chronic fatigue syndrome. JCI Insight. 2016 Dec 22;1(21):e89376.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5161229/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28018972?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Naviaux RK, Naviaux JC, Li K, et al. Metabolic features of chronic fatigue syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 Sep 13;113(37):E5472-80.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5027464/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27573827?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Armstrong CW, McGregor NR, Butt HL, et al. Metabolism in chronic fatigue syndrome. Adv Clin Chem. 2014;66:121-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25344988?tool=bestpractice.com 尚未确定的一种循环抑制剂可能会干扰线粒体能量的产生。然而,在许多疾病患者中发现了代谢组学功能障碍,需对其进行更全面的定义,才能将这些变化视为 CFS/ME 的诊断依据。
有关 CFS/ME 患者死亡率过高的证据有限且混杂。一项小型研究 (n = 56) 发现,与美国总体人群(中位年龄= 77.7 岁)相比,CFS/ME 患者发生心血管死亡的平均年龄较小(中位年龄= 58.8 岁)。[103]McManimen SL, Devendorf AR, Brown AA, et al. Mortality in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome. Fatigue. 2016;4:195-207.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28070451?tool=bestpractice.com一项较大规模的回顾性队列研究 (n = 2147) 未发现全因死亡风险增加,但发现自杀风险增加。[104]Roberts E, Wessely S, Chalder T, et al. Mortality of people with chronic fatigue syndrome: a retrospective cohort study in England and Wales from the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust Biomedical Research Centre (SLaM BRC) Clinical Record Interactive Search (CRIS) Register. Lancet. 2016 Apr 16;387(10028):1638-43.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2815%2901223-4/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26873808?tool=bestpractice.com