治疗的主要目标是纠正氧合障碍和脱水。 因此,主要是支持治疗。 大多数毛细支气管炎的患儿可以在门诊进行治疗。 住院治疗的指征包括持续低氧血症,影响经口饮食或饮水的严重急促呼吸,呼吸暂停,临床考虑可能发生的呼吸衰竭。
主要的目标是维持组织供氧、监测有无呼吸衰竭、提供充足液体。[7]Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014 Nov;134(5):e1474-502.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/5/e1474.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25349312?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Friedman JN, Rieder MJ, Walton JM; Canadian Paediatric Society, Acute Care Committee, Drug Therapy and Hazardous Substances Committee. Bronchiolitis: recommendations for diagnosis, monitoring and management of children one to 24 months of age. Paediatr Child Health. 2014 Nov;19(9):485-98.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235450/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414585?tool=bestpractice.com 呼吸系统障碍可能使婴幼儿有更为严重的误吸风险。[59]Hernandez E, Khoshoo V, Thoppil D, et al. Aspiration: a factor in rapidly deteriorating bronchiolitis in previously healthy infants? Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002 Jan;33(1):30-1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11747257?tool=bestpractice.com 大约 30% 的住院婴儿需要静脉注射或鼻胃管喂食。经济分析结果显示,住院时长与所使用的补液方法没有关系,但总成本分析结果显示存在较小差异,倾向于鼻胃管喂养。[60]Oakley E, Carter R, Murphy B, et al. Economic evaluation of nasogastric versus intravenous hydration in infants with bronchiolitis. Emerg Med Australas. 2017 Jun;29(3):324-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28004493?tool=bestpractice.com 无论使用哪种方法,应谨慎使用补液疗法,以避免过度补液,因为过度补液可能加重气道阻塞。
虽然辅助供氧治疗的指征仍然不明确,[61]Rojas-Reyes MX, Granados Rugeles C, Charry-Anzola LP. Oxygen therapy for lower respiratory tract infections in children between 3 months and 15 years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD005975.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005975.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25493690?tool=bestpractice.com 对低氧血症患儿应进行辅助供氧,以维持氧合血红蛋白饱和度(外周血氧饱和度,SpO₂)达到至少 90%,这时动脉血氧分压轻度降低与血氧饱和度大幅下降有关。[7]Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014 Nov;134(5):e1474-502.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/5/e1474.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25349312?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Friedman JN, Rieder MJ, Walton JM; Canadian Paediatric Society, Acute Care Committee, Drug Therapy and Hazardous Substances Committee. Bronchiolitis: recommendations for diagnosis, monitoring and management of children one to 24 months of age. Paediatr Child Health. 2014 Nov;19(9):485-98.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235450/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414585?tool=bestpractice.com 经研究,90% 的允许性低氧血症目标对于住院儿童是安全的,并允许较早出院而不影响再入院率。[50]Cunningham S, Rodriguez A, Adams T, et al. Oxygen saturation targets in infants with bronchiolitis (BIDS): a double-blind, randomised, equivalence trial. Lancet. 2015 Sep 12;386(9998):1041-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4673090/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26382998?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,没有进行长期神经发育结果研究对采用低 SpO₂ 目标值与高 SpO₂ 目标值(>94%)进行比较。
临床医生将全身性糖皮质激素和吸入支气管扩张剂广泛应用于毛细支气管炎的患儿。 但是,仍缺少有关这些药物影响长期临床预后的证据。[62]Gadomski AM, Scribani MB. Bronchodilators for bronchiolitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(6):CD001266.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001266.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24937099?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Fernandes RM, Bialy LM, Vandermeer B, et al. Glucocorticoids for acute viral bronchiolitis in infants and young children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD004878.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004878.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23733383?tool=bestpractice.com [ ]What are the effects of bronchodilators in infants and young children with acute bronchiolitis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.93/full显示答案 [
]In infants and young children with acute viral bronchiolitis, what are the effects of glucocorticoids?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.257/full显示答案 美国儿科学会 (American Academy of Pediatrics, AAP) 指南推荐不常规应用这些药物治疗毛细支气管炎。[7]Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014 Nov;134(5):e1474-502.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/5/e1474.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25349312?tool=bestpractice.com 对随后进展为哮喘的毛细支气管炎的住院婴儿进行的一项回顾性分析结果显示,把这组患者看做一个整体,在毛细支气管炎发作期间,服用皮质类固醇并没有改善任何结局。[64]Shein SL, Rotta AT, Speicher R, et al. Corticosteroid therapy during acute bronchiolitis in patients who later develop asthma. Hosp Pediatr. 2017 Jul;7(7):403-9.www.doi.org/10.1542/hpeds.2016-0211http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28619722?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,对于那些疾病严重到需要入住重症监护病房但不需要机械通气的婴儿,由于接受了皮质类固醇治疗而住院时间较短;作者认为,皮质类固醇治疗在该组患儿值得进一步研究。一些新证据表明,吸入肾上腺素可以改善门诊毛细支气管炎患者的短期结局,例如降低急诊室就诊率。[65]Hartling L, Bialy LM, Vandermeer B, et al. Epinephrine for bronchiolitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(6):CD003123.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003123.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21678340?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Hartling L, Fernandes RM, Bialy L, et al. Steroids and bronchodilators for acute bronchiolitis in the first two years of life: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011 Apr 6;342:d1714.http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.d1714.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21471175?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Plint AC, Johnson DW, Patel H, et al. Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC). Epinephrine and dexamethasone in children with bronchiolitis. N Engl J Med. 2009 May 14;360(20):2079-89.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0900544#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19439742?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does epinephrine affect outcomes in outpatients with bronchiolitis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.127/full显示答案 特别是与口服地塞米松联合使用,需要在该领域的进一步研究,在这一点上也不推荐常规吸入肾上腺素。[7]Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014 Nov;134(5):e1474-502.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/5/e1474.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25349312?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Friedman JN, Rieder MJ, Walton JM; Canadian Paediatric Society, Acute Care Committee, Drug Therapy and Hazardous Substances Committee. Bronchiolitis: recommendations for diagnosis, monitoring and management of children one to 24 months of age. Paediatr Child Health. 2014 Nov;19(9):485-98.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235450/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414585?tool=bestpractice.com 在住院患儿中,吸入肾上腺素的疗效并不优于安慰剂。[65]Hartling L, Bialy LM, Vandermeer B, et al. Epinephrine for bronchiolitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(6):CD003123.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003123.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21678340?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Tapiainen T, Aittoniemi J, Immonen J, et al. Finnish guidelines for the treatment of laryngitis, wheezing bronchitis and bronchiolitis in children. Acta Paediatr. 2016 Jan;105(1):44-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26295564?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does epinephrine affect outcomes in inpatients with bronchiolitis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.126/full显示答案 一项研究表明,无论治疗用的是雾化的生理盐水或者 α 肾上腺素激动剂,固定时间吸入药物的方法会比按需吸入药物明显著增加住院时间。这表明,任何固定时间吸入药物治疗均可能延长住院时间。[69]Skjerven HO, Hunderi JO, Brügmann-Pieper SK, et al. Racemic adrenaline and inhalation strategies in acute bronchiolitis. N Engl J Med. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:2286-93.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1301839#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23758233?tool=bestpractice.com
虽然患儿经常接受抗菌治疗,但是研究表明细菌感染在毛细支气管炎的患病率低,并且缺乏抗菌治疗对预后的影响。[15]Miller EK, Gebretsadik T, Carroll KN, et al. Viral etiologies of infant bronchiolitis, croup and upper respiratory illness during 4 consecutive years. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013 Sep;32(9):950-5.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3880140/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23694832?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Liebelt EL, Qi K, Harvey K. Diagnostic testing for serious bacterial infections in infants aged 90 days or younger with bronchiolitis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999 May;153(5):525-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10323635?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Purcell K, Fergie J. Concurrent serious bacterial infections in 2396 infants and children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002 Apr;156(4):322-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11929363?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Titus MO, Wright SW. Prevalence of serious bacterial infections in febrile infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatrics. 2003 Aug;112(2):282-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12897274?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Levine DA, Platt SL, Dayan PS, et al. Risk of serious bacterial infection in young febrile infants with respiratory syncytial virus infections. Pediatrics. 2004 Jun;113(6):1728-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15173498?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Ralston S, Hill V, Waters A. Occult serious bacterial infection in infants younger than 60 to 90 days with bronchiolitis: a systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011 Oct;165(10):951-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21969396?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Pinto LA, Pitrez PM, Luisi F, et al. Azithromycin therapy in hospitalized infants with acute bronchiolitis is not associated with better clinical outcomes: a randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Pediatr. 2012 Dec;161(6):1104-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22748516?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Farley R, Spurling GK, Eriksson L, et al. Antibiotics for bronchiolitis in children under two years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(10):CD005189.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005189.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25300167?tool=bestpractice.com [ ]What are the benefits and harms of antibiotics in children with bronchiolitis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.605/full显示答案 即使存在长时间的喘息或咳嗽,也不应该使用抗生素,除非有明确的细菌感染的证据。[7]Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014 Nov;134(5):e1474-502.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/5/e1474.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25349312?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Friedman JN, Rieder MJ, Walton JM; Canadian Paediatric Society, Acute Care Committee, Drug Therapy and Hazardous Substances Committee. Bronchiolitis: recommendations for diagnosis, monitoring and management of children one to 24 months of age. Paediatr Child Health. 2014 Nov;19(9):485-98.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235450/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414585?tool=bestpractice.com[76]McCallum GB, Plumb EJ, Morris PS, et al. Antibiotics for persistent cough or wheeze following acute bronchiolitis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 22;(8):CD009834.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009834.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28828759?tool=bestpractice.com
毛细支气管炎的患儿应用胸部物理治疗,可以增加分泌物的清除和改善呼吸。 然而,迄今为止对常规技术(振动、叩诊和体位引流)以及其他技术(包括缓慢被动呼气和强制呼气技术)的研究不支持这种做法。[77]Roqué i Figuls M, Giné-Garriga M, Granados Rugeles C, et al. Chest physiotherapy for acute bronchiolitis in paediatric patients between 0 and 24 months old. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(2):CD004873.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004873.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26833493?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Gajdos VK, Katsahian S, Beydon N, et al. Effectiveness of chest physiotherapy in infants hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2010 Sep 28;7(9):e1000345.http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1000345http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20927359?tool=bestpractice.com 目前的指南不推荐在细支气管炎治疗中常规地采用胸部理疗。[7]Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014 Nov;134(5):e1474-502.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/5/e1474.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25349312?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Friedman JN, Rieder MJ, Walton JM; Canadian Paediatric Society, Acute Care Committee, Drug Therapy and Hazardous Substances Committee. Bronchiolitis: recommendations for diagnosis, monitoring and management of children one to 24 months of age. Paediatr Child Health. 2014 Nov;19(9):485-98.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235450/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414585?tool=bestpractice.com
现在认为,吸入 3% 的高渗盐水可以通过增加浓缩黏液的水合程度以及减少气道壁水肿,以改善黏膜纤毛的清除能力;有限的研究表明,这可能减少住院时间,特别是如果预期住院时间超过 3 天。[79]Zhang L, Mendoza-Sassi RA, Wainwright C, et al. Nebulised hypertonic saline solution for acute bronchiolitis in infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(12):CD006458.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006458.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29265171?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Tal G, Cesar K, Oron A, et al. Hypertonic saline/epinephrine treatment in hospitalized infants with viral bronchiolitis reduces hospitalization stay: 2 years experience. Isr Med Assoc J. 2006 Mar;8(3):169-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16599051?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Sarrell EM, Tal G, Witzling M, et al. Nebulized 3% hypertonic saline solution treatment in ambulatory children with viral bronchiolitis decreases symptoms. Chest. 2002 Dec;122(6):2015-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12475841?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Kuzik BA, Al-Qadhi SA, Kent S, et al. Nebulized hypertonic saline in the treatment of viral bronchiolitis in infants. J Pediatr. 2007 Sep;151(3):266-70, 270.e1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17719935?tool=bestpractice.com [ ]For infants with acute bronchiolitis, what are the benefits and harms of nebulized hypertonic saline solution?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1977/full显示答案 然而,其他研究报告了不一致的结果,更新的 meta 分析已证明作用较小。[83]Everard ML, Hind D2, Ugonna K, et al. SABRE: a multicentre randomised control trial of nebulised hypertonic saline in infants hospitalised with acute bronchiolitis. Thorax. 2014 Dec;69(12):1105-12.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/69/12/1105.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25389139?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Zhang L, Mendoza-Sassi RA, Klassen TP, et al. Nebulized Hypertonic Saline for acute bronchiolitis: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2015 Oct;136(4):687-701.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26416925?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Maguire C, Cantrill H, Hind D, et al. Hypertonic saline (HS) for acute bronchiolitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pulm Med. 2015 Nov 23;15:148.http://bmcpulmmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12890-015-0140-xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26597174?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Teunissen J, Hochs AH, Vaessen-Verberne A, et al. The effect of 3% and 6% hypertonic saline in viral bronchiolitis: a randomised controlled trial. Eur Respir J. 2014 Oct;44(4):913-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24969648?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Wu S, Baker C, Lang ME, et al. Nebulized hypertonic saline for bronchiolitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2014 Jul;168(7):657-63.http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1874078http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24862623?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Brooks CG, Harrison WN, Ralston SL, et al. Association between hypertonic saline and hospital length of stay in acute viral bronchiolitis: a reanalysis of 2 meta-analyses. JAMA Pediatr. 2016 Jun 1;170(6):577-84.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2513203http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27088767?tool=bestpractice.com 其他研究结果显示,使用高渗盐水与生理盐水对于住院时间或再入院率没有影响。[88]Brooks CG, Harrison WN, Ralston SL, et al. Association between hypertonic saline and hospital length of stay in acute viral bronchiolitis: a reanalysis of 2 meta-analyses. JAMA Pediatr. 2016 Jun 1;170(6):577-84.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2513203http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27088767?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Silver AH, Esteban-Cruciani N, Azzarone G, et al. 3% hypertonic saline versus normal saline in inpatient bronchiolitis: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2015 Dec;136(6):1036-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26553190?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Heikkilä P, Korppi M. Acta Paediatr. Nebulised hypertonic saline inhalations do not shorten hospital stays in infants with bronchiolitis. 2016 Sep;105(9):1036-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27111485?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Flores P, Mendes AL, Neto AS, et al. A randomized trial of nebulized 3% hypertonic saline with salbutamol in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in hospitalized infants. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016 Apr;51(4):418-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26334188?tool=bestpractice.com 造成不同结果的一个原因是出院标准和发病前病程的异质性。[92]Zhang L. Hypertonic saline for bronchiolitis - a meta-analysis reanalysis. J Pediatr. 2016 Sep;176:221-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27568253?tool=bestpractice.com 雾化高渗盐水可以用于治疗因毛细支气管炎的住院患儿,但对门诊患者或急诊科不推荐使用。[7]Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014 Nov;134(5):e1474-502.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/5/e1474.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25349312?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Friedman JN, Rieder MJ, Walton JM; Canadian Paediatric Society, Acute Care Committee, Drug Therapy and Hazardous Substances Committee. Bronchiolitis: recommendations for diagnosis, monitoring and management of children one to 24 months of age. Paediatr Child Health. 2014 Nov;19(9):485-98.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235450/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414585?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Florin TA, Shaw KN, Kittick M, et al. Nebulized hypertonic saline for bronchiolitis in the emergency department: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2014 Jul;168(7):664-70.http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1874076http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24862342?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Angoulvant F, Bellêttre X, Milcent K, et al. Effect of nebulized hypertonic saline treatment in emergency departments on the hospitalization rate for acute bronchiolitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2017 Aug 7;171(8):e171333.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28586918?tool=bestpractice.com 有限的数据表明,雾化吸入脱氧核糖核酸酶不能改善临床预后,目前不推荐这种方法用于治疗毛细支气管炎。[95]Enriquez A, Chu IW, Mellis C, et al. Nebulised deoxyribonuclease for viral bronchiolitis in children younger than 24 months. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(11):CD008395.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008395.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23152257?tool=bestpractice.com
首次喘息病史与原发性病毒性毛细支气管炎相一致,特别是1岁以下的婴幼儿。某些病例可能由于小气道病变,出现哮喘的早期症状或一过性喘息。
缺乏支气管扩张剂影响临床长期预后的证据。[62]Gadomski AM, Scribani MB. Bronchodilators for bronchiolitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(6):CD001266.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001266.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24937099?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Fernandes RM, Bialy LM, Vandermeer B, et al. Glucocorticoids for acute viral bronchiolitis in infants and young children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD004878.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004878.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23733383?tool=bestpractice.com [ ]What are the effects of bronchodilators in infants and young children with acute bronchiolitis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.93/full显示答案 虽然少部分儿童可能会对这种疗法有明确的效果,到目前为止尚未明确定义这部分阳性反应者,也没有完善的方法来确定“客观反应”。 因此,AAP 指南不推荐细支气管炎患儿使用支气管扩张剂。[7]Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014 Nov;134(5):e1474-502.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/5/e1474.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25349312?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然仍有争议,与安慰剂相比,在发病第 1 天吸入肾上腺素可以显著地降低住院率。[65]Hartling L, Bialy LM, Vandermeer B, et al. Epinephrine for bronchiolitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(6):CD003123.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003123.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21678340?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Hartling L, Fernandes RM, Bialy L, et al. Steroids and bronchodilators for acute bronchiolitis in the first two years of life: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011 Apr 6;342:d1714.http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.d1714.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21471175?tool=bestpractice.com 在该领域进一步的研究是必要的,在这一点上也不建议常规吸入肾上腺素。[7]Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014 Nov;134(5):e1474-502.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/5/e1474.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25349312?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Friedman JN, Rieder MJ, Walton JM; Canadian Paediatric Society, Acute Care Committee, Drug Therapy and Hazardous Substances Committee. Bronchiolitis: recommendations for diagnosis, monitoring and management of children one to 24 months of age. Paediatr Child Health. 2014 Nov;19(9):485-98.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235450/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414585?tool=bestpractice.com 开发简单、非侵入性方法,可客观评估应用支气管扩张剂治疗后肺功能的改变,可能有助于更好地识别那些可能受益于此疗法的婴儿。
虽然糖皮质激素广泛用于毛细支气管炎的治疗,但是缺乏治疗婴幼儿首次喘息疗效的证据。[7]Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014 Nov;134(5):e1474-502.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/5/e1474.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25349312?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Fernandes RM, Bialy LM, Vandermeer B, et al. Glucocorticoids for acute viral bronchiolitis in infants and young children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD004878.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004878.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23733383?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Hartling L, Fernandes RM, Bialy L, et al. Steroids and bronchodilators for acute bronchiolitis in the first two years of life: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011 Apr 6;342:d1714.http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.d1714.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21471175?tool=bestpractice.com[96]King VJ, Viswanathan M, Bordley WC, et al. Pharmacologic treatment of bronchiolitis in infants and children: a systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004 Feb;158(2):127-37.http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=485625http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14757604?tool=bestpractice.com 大多数研究都没有证实糖皮质激素对这组患儿有益。[63]Fernandes RM, Bialy LM, Vandermeer B, et al. Glucocorticoids for acute viral bronchiolitis in infants and young children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD004878.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004878.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23733383?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Hartling L, Fernandes RM, Bialy L, et al. Steroids and bronchodilators for acute bronchiolitis in the first two years of life: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011 Apr 6;342:d1714.http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.d1714.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21471175?tool=bestpractice.com 单项研究显示,肾上腺素和地塞米松联合吸入能够降低联合治疗组急诊治疗后7天内的住院率。[67]Plint AC, Johnson DW, Patel H, et al. Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC). Epinephrine and dexamethasone in children with bronchiolitis. N Engl J Med. 2009 May 14;360(20):2079-89.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0900544#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19439742?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,需要更多的证据来证实这一结果。 目前,糖皮质激素不应该常规用于婴幼儿首次喘息。[7]Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014 Nov;134(5):e1474-502.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/5/e1474.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25349312?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Friedman JN, Rieder MJ, Walton JM; Canadian Paediatric Society, Acute Care Committee, Drug Therapy and Hazardous Substances Committee. Bronchiolitis: recommendations for diagnosis, monitoring and management of children one to 24 months of age. Paediatr Child Health. 2014 Nov;19(9):485-98.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235450/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414585?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C症状改善:有低质量证据表明糖皮质激素治疗不能改善预后。 多项随机对照试验研究得出上述结论,然而,因为不同试验纳入标准和预后的评价标准不同,很难比较这些试验的结果。 一般来说,有关糖皮质激素治疗毛细支气管炎伴初发喘息婴幼儿的高质量随机对照试验,研究结果并没有证明激素对临床预后产生显著的影响。[96]King VJ, Viswanathan M, Bordley WC, et al. Pharmacologic treatment of bronchiolitis in infants and children: a systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004 Feb;158(2):127-37.http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=485625http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14757604?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Corneli HM, Zorc JJ, Majahan P, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of dexamethasone for bronchiolitis. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jul 26;357(4):331-9.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa071255#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17652648?tool=bestpractice.com 临床治疗指南不推荐常规使用。[7]Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014 Nov;134(5):e1474-502.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/5/e1474.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25349312?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 同时,还没有发现吸入糖皮质激素的益处。[63]Fernandes RM, Bialy LM, Vandermeer B, et al. Glucocorticoids for acute viral bronchiolitis in infants and young children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD004878.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004878.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23733383?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Ermers MJ, Rovers MM, van Woensel JB, et al. RSV Corticosteroid Study Group. The effect of high dose inhaled corticosteroids on wheeze in infants after respiratory syncytial virus infection: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2009 Mar 31;338:b897.http://www.bmj.com/content/338/bmj.b897.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19336497?tool=bestpractice.com
有喘息病史的婴幼儿今后患哮喘的可能性大,更有可能对支气管扩张剂等治疗有反应。[99]Castro-Rodríguez JA, Holberg CJ, Wright AL, et al. A clinical index to define risk of asthma in young children with recurrent wheezing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Oct;162(4 Pt 1):1403-6.https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/ajrccm.162.4.9912111http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11029352?tool=bestpractice.com 由于无法预知婴幼儿是否会发生哮喘,许多临床医生将会给有喘息既往史的婴儿使用支气管扩张剂,尤其是年龄大点的婴幼儿。但是,对于 2 岁以下反复喘息发作的婴幼儿,支气管扩张剂的疗效并不一致。[100]Chavasse R, Seddon P, Bara A, et al. Short acting beta agonists for recurrent wheeze in children under 2 years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2):CD002873.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002873/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12137663?tool=bestpractice.com 并且美国儿科学会指南也不支持使用该药物。[7]Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014 Nov;134(5):e1474-502.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/5/e1474.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25349312?tool=bestpractice.com
全身性糖皮质激素疗法常用于年龄稍大的患儿(>12个月),伴有哮喘危险因素(父母有哮喘病史、胚胎期父母烟草暴露,1岁之前反复喘息。 一项研究显示,无喘息史但有其他哮喘危险因素(皮疹或一级家属有哮喘家族史)的婴幼儿口服地塞米松能够缩短住院时间。[101]Alansari K, Sakran M, Davidson BL, et al. Oral dexamethasone for bronchiolitis: a randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2013 Oct;132(4):e810-6.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/132/4/e810.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24043283?tool=bestpractice.com 对于随后发生哮喘的细支气管炎住院患儿的另一项研究表明,将该组患者视为一个整体,在毛细支气管炎发作期间,给予皮质类固醇并未使结局得到任何改善。[64]Shein SL, Rotta AT, Speicher R, et al. Corticosteroid therapy during acute bronchiolitis in patients who later develop asthma. Hosp Pediatr. 2017 Jul;7(7):403-9.www.doi.org/10.1542/hpeds.2016-0211http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28619722?tool=bestpractice.com 对于中度疾病的婴儿(被定义为那些病重到需要入住重症监护病房但不需要机械通气的婴儿),由于接受皮质类固醇治疗,住院时间较短。需要更多证据来证实有关患哮喘风险增加的儿童的发现。静脉注射皮质类固醇仅被推荐作为治疗急性哮喘加重的合适治疗方案,而不常用于伴有发热和喘息(提示毛细支气管炎)的急症婴儿。
患严重疾病的婴幼儿需要呼吸衰竭和脱水的支持治疗,如机械通气和补液疗法。 根据病情严重程度和其他临床因素,可通过肠内或肠外途径补充液体和营养。[7]Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014 Nov;134(5):e1474-502.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/5/e1474.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25349312?tool=bestpractice.com
除呼吸衰竭和脱水的支持性治疗外,对于患有严重 RSV 毛细支气管炎以及伴有重度疾病的其他危险因素(例如免疫缺陷或基础慢性肺疾病)的婴幼儿,可以考虑应用利巴韦林。证据 B病死率:中等质量的证据表明,与安慰剂相比,利巴韦林不能有效地降低儿童病死率和婴幼儿RSV毛细支气管炎的住院率。 然而,利巴韦林的随机对照试验纳入患儿数量较少,因此可能不足以评价对临床预后的影响。 临床治疗指南不推荐使用利巴韦林,除非患有严重RSV毛细支气管炎的高危患儿。[7]Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014 Nov;134(5):e1474-502.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/5/e1474.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25349312?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
对于高危人群,可以考虑应用抗RSV单克隆抗体帕利珠单抗进行被动免疫治疗。[40]Committee on Infectious Diseases and Bronchiolitis Guidelines Committee, American Academy of Pediatrics. Updated guidance for palivizumab prophylaxis among infants and young children at increased risk of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatrics. 2014 Aug;134(2):415-20. [Erratum in: Pediatrics. 2014 Dec;134(6):1221.]http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/2/415.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25070315?tool=bestpractice.com 帕利珠单抗是一种人源化单克隆抗体,它能够与 RSV 的 F 蛋白结合,并且抑制病毒感染和复制。有关帕利珠单抗在早产儿和患有先天性心脏病的婴幼儿的随机对照临床试验已证明,应用帕利珠单抗可以显著降低住院风险。[41]Morris SK, Dzolganovski B, Beyene J, et al. A meta-analysis of the effect of antibody therapy for the prevention of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection. BMC Infect Dis. 2009 Jul 5;9:106.http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/9/106http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19575815?tool=bestpractice.com证据 B病死率和住院:有中等质量证据证明,与安慰剂相比,帕利珠单抗治疗慢性肺疾病(也称为支气管肺的发育不良)不能有效地降低儿童病死率。 然而证据表明,与安慰剂相比,帕利珠单抗能够更有效地减少RSV感染儿童的住院率。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 因为这是一种被动免疫,必须每月应用帕利珠单抗。考虑到这项治疗的相关花费和耗费的人力,临床指南推荐在呼吸合胞病毒 (RSV) 感染的高发季节,仅给予高风险婴儿最多 5 个月(每月一次)的剂量。对于任何因 RSV 感染住院治疗且病情进展极迅速的儿童,应该停止预防治疗。
美国儿科学会 (American Academy of Pediatrics) 关于帕利珠单抗预防性治疗的推荐意见如下:[40]Committee on Infectious Diseases and Bronchiolitis Guidelines Committee, American Academy of Pediatrics. Updated guidance for palivizumab prophylaxis among infants and young children at increased risk of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatrics. 2014 Aug;134(2):415-20. [Erratum in: Pediatrics. 2014 Dec;134(6):1221.]http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/2/415.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25070315?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Bollani L, Baraldi E, Chirico G, et al. Revised recommendations concerning palivizumab prophylaxis for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Ital J Pediatr. 2015 Dec 15;41:97.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4681171/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26670908?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Feltes TF, Cabalka AK, Meissner HC, et al. Palivizumab prophylaxis reduces hospitalization due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease. J Pediatr. 2003 Oct;143(4):532-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14571236?tool=bestpractice.com
1 岁以内:
出生前妊娠时间少于 29 周 0 天的婴儿。
伴有早产导致的慢性肺病的早产儿被定义为出生于 32 周 0 天之前,在出生后至少 28 天期间仍需要供给浓度> 21% 的氧气。
可考虑对有显著的血流动力学改变的先天性心脏病婴幼儿进行该治疗。
患有肺异常或神经肌肉疾病的婴儿,这些异常或疾病致其清除上气道分泌物的能力受损。
24 月龄以下的婴幼儿
有严重免疫功能不全的幼儿在 RSV 感染的高发季节应考虑接受治疗。
如果患有早产导致的慢性肺疾病的早产儿继续需要治疗(辅助供氧、利尿剂或长期应用皮质类固醇),可能考虑这些婴儿接受第 2 年的预防治疗。
使用此内容应接受我们的免责声明。
BMJ临床实践的持续改进离不开您的帮助和反馈。如果您发现任何功能问题和内容错误,或您对BMJ临床实践有任何疑问或建议,请您扫描右侧二维码并根据页面指导填写您的反馈和联系信息*。一旦您的建议在我们核实后被采纳,您将会收到一份小礼品。
如果您有紧急问题需要我们帮助,请您联系我们。
邮箱:bmjchina.support@bmj.com
电话:+86 10 64100686-612
*您的联系信息仅会用于我们与您确认反馈信息和礼品事宜。
BMJ临床实践官方反馈平台