急性长骨骨折主要由严重外伤所致。机动车交通事故、运动损伤、坠落和遇袭都是这些损伤的最常见原因。各类型骨折的所有先前数据显示,美国骨折的年发病率为 21/1000,其中,男性发病率高于女性。[1]Rockwood CA Jr, Green DP, Bucholz RW, et al. Rockwood and Green's fractures in adults. Vol 1, 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 1996.在挪威和英国也有类似报道。[1]Rockwood CA Jr, Green DP, Bucholz RW, et al. Rockwood and Green's fractures in adults. Vol 1, 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 1996.随着骨科植入物应用的增多,假体骨折率也出现类似的上升情况。随着越来越多的女性开始更积极参加运动,女性运动相关骨折的发生率也增加了。[1]Rockwood CA Jr, Green DP, Bucholz RW, et al. Rockwood and Green's fractures in adults. Vol 1, 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 1996.
胫骨是人体中最常发生骨折的长骨。[1]Rockwood CA Jr, Green DP, Bucholz RW, et al. Rockwood and Green's fractures in adults. Vol 1, 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 1996.在一项研究中,它们占了所有骨折的 6.6%。[1]Rockwood CA Jr, Green DP, Bucholz RW, et al. Rockwood and Green's fractures in adults. Vol 1, 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 1996.股骨干骨折占所有骨折的 4.5%,桡骨远端骨折占 3.9%,股骨远端骨折占 2%,肱骨干骨折占 1.5%。[1]Rockwood CA Jr, Green DP, Bucholz RW, et al. Rockwood and Green's fractures in adults. Vol 1, 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 1996.上肢骨折占所有骨折的 31.5%,下肢骨折占 34.3%。[1]Rockwood CA Jr, Green DP, Bucholz RW, et al. Rockwood and Green's fractures in adults. Vol 1, 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 1996.另一项研究结果发现,股骨干骨折比较少见,据报道,其年发生率约为 1~4/10,000。急性股骨干骨折多见于青年男性及 65 岁以上的女性。[12]Singer BR, McLauchlan GJ, Robinson CM, et al. Epidemiology of fractures in 15,000 adults: the influence of age and gender. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1998;80:243-248.http://www.bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/80-B/2/243.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9546453?tool=bestpractice.com
随着全球生活水平上升和寿命的延长,骨质疏松性骨折的发生也相应增加,骨折多见于患有慢性病的人群中。在患有慢性肾功能衰竭的患者中,危险因素包括女性、高龄和糖尿病,而黑人和 BMI 增加的人群似乎未受影响。在透析患者中,长骨骨折与中风、肺栓塞、充血性心力衰竭、肺炎和败血症的危险度增加有关。[13]Kaneko TM, Foley RN, Gilbertson DT, et al. Clinical epidemiology of long-bone fractures in patients receiving hemodialysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;457:188-193.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17195813?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Dennison E, Mohamed MA, Cooper C. Epidemiology of osteoporosis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2006;32:617-629.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17288968?tool=bestpractice.com