免疫调节治疗
作为减少皮质类固醇用量的药物,最常使用的免疫调节药物包括吗替麦考酚酯和硫唑嘌呤,但也有使用氨苯砜、环磷酰胺和金制剂(在美国仅有口服制剂)的大量报告。[30]Beissert S, Mimouni D, Kanwar AJ, et al. Treating pemphigus vulgaris with prednisone and mycophenolate mofetil: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Invest Dermatol. 2010;130:2041-2048.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410913?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Beissert S, Werfel T, Frieling U, et al. A comparison of oral methylprednisolone plus azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142:1447-1454.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17116835?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Kawashita MY, Tsai K, Aoiki V, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil as an adjuvant therapy for classic and endemic pemphigus foliaceus. J Dermatol. 2005;32:574-580.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16335874?tool=bestpractice.com
利妥昔单抗现在是一种公认的 PNP 治疗药物,[28]Frew JW, Murrell DF. Current management strategies in paraneoplastic pemphigus (paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome). Dermatol Clin. 2011;29:607-612.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21925005?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Hertl M, Zillikens D, Borradori L, et al. Recommendations for the use of rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody) in the treatment of autoimmune bullous skin diseases. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2008;6:366-373.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2007.06602.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18201220?tool=bestpractice.com 也被认可用于治疗难治性 PV 和 PF,该药在某些病例中可作为一线治疗方法或单药疗法。[34]Sanchez J, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, Chosidow O, et al. Rituximab as single long-term maintenance therapy in patients with difficult-to-treat pemphigus. JAMA Dermatol. 2018 Mar 1;154(3):363-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29299590?tool=bestpractice.com 前瞻性研究证明了单独用药或与静脉注射免疫球蛋白 (IVIG) 联合用药治疗 PV 的有效性。[35]Joly P, Mouquet H, Roujeau JC, et al. A single cycle of rituximab for the treatment of severe pemphigus. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:545-552.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa067752#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17687130?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Ahmed AR, Spigelman Z, Cavacini LA, et al. Treatment of pemphigus vulgaris with rituximab and intravenous immune globulin. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1772-1779.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa062930#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17065638?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Gurcan HM, Jeph S, Ahmed AR, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in autoimmune mucocutaneous blistering diseases: a review of the evidence for its efficacy and safety. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2010;11:315-326.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20642294?tool=bestpractice.com 利妥昔单抗一般每 6 个月给药一次,用于控制疾病活动度。主要不良反应包括对感染(例如卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎)的易感性增加、乙型肝炎再度活跃、输液反应和中性粒细胞减少。[33]Hertl M, Zillikens D, Borradori L, et al. Recommendations for the use of rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody) in the treatment of autoimmune bullous skin diseases. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2008;6:366-373.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2007.06602.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18201220?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Peterson JD, Chan LS. Effectiveness and side effects of anti-CD20 therapy for autoantibody-mediated blistering skin diseases: a comprehensive survey of 71 consecutive patients from the initial use to 2007. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2009;5:1-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2697541/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19436603?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Nard FD, Todoerti M, Grosso V, et al. Risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation in rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing biologic treatment: extending perspective from old to newer drugs. World J Hepatol. 2015;7:344-361.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4381162/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25848463?tool=bestpractice.com
在 B 细胞耗竭后(例如利妥昔单抗治疗后),可使用 IVIG 以迅速降低自身抗体滴度,以提供一定程度的免疫保护。[33]Hertl M, Zillikens D, Borradori L, et al. Recommendations for the use of rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody) in the treatment of autoimmune bullous skin diseases. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2008;6:366-373.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2007.06602.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18201220?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Peterson JD, Chan LS. Effectiveness and side effects of anti-CD20 therapy for autoantibody-mediated blistering skin diseases: a comprehensive survey of 71 consecutive patients from the initial use to 2007. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2009;5:1-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2697541/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19436603?tool=bestpractice.com IVIG 总是在利妥昔单抗治疗后给药,因为 IVIG 可能阻止利妥昔单抗用药引起的 B 细胞耗竭。IVIG 的主要不良反应包括输液反应、IgA 缺乏患者的严重过敏反应、头痛、无菌性脑膜炎和血凝块。[37]Gurcan HM, Jeph S, Ahmed AR, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in autoimmune mucocutaneous blistering diseases: a review of the evidence for its efficacy and safety. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2010;11:315-326.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20642294?tool=bestpractice.com
环孢素对某些患者也可能有效,尤其是 PNP 患者。[40]Mutasim DF. Therapy of autoimmune bullous diseases. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2007;3:29-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1936286/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18360613?tool=bestpractice.com
血浆置换可去除患者的血清抗体,已被证实对难治性天疱疮病例有效。[41]Aoyama Y, Nagasawa C, Nagai M, et al. Severe pemphigus vulgaris: successful combination therapy of plasmapheresis followed by intravenous high-dose immunoglobulin to prevent rebound increase in pathogenic IgG. Eur J Dermatol. 2008;18:557-560.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18693160?tool=bestpractice.com 血浆置换对特异性天疱疮抗体无选择性。众所周知,环磷酰胺治疗后,致病性天疱疮抗体会反跳。因此,血浆置换一般与此类免疫清除治疗配合使用。接受血浆置换治疗的患者由感染引起的并发症发病率较高;但有报告指出联合 IVIG 可减少病理性抗体反跳反应。[41]Aoyama Y, Nagasawa C, Nagai M, et al. Severe pemphigus vulgaris: successful combination therapy of plasmapheresis followed by intravenous high-dose immunoglobulin to prevent rebound increase in pathogenic IgG. Eur J Dermatol. 2008;18:557-560.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18693160?tool=bestpractice.com
免疫吸附可选择性地去除致病性天疱疮抗体。可通过与血浆置换类似的方法将患者的血清去除。然而,将血清暴露于合成性桥粒芯蛋白,后者可选择性地与致病性天疱疮抗体结合。然后将致病性抗体滴度降低的血清回输给患者。[42]Schmidt E, Zillikens D. Immunoadsorption in dermatology. Arch Dermatol Res. 2010;302:241-253.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20049466?tool=bestpractice.com
副肿瘤性天疱疮 (PNP):特别注意事项
与肿瘤专科医生合作是治疗的关键,因为 PNP 患者经常患有活动性恶性肿瘤,治疗肿瘤可能对 PNP 有益。然而,也应当认识到患者缓解时也可能出现 PNP。[28]Frew JW, Murrell DF. Current management strategies in paraneoplastic pemphigus (paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome). Dermatol Clin. 2011;29:607-612.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21925005?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Czernik A, Camilleri M, Pittelkow MR, et al. Paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome: 20 years after. Int J Dermatol. 2011;50:905-914.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21781058?tool=bestpractice.com
虽然利妥昔单抗常常作为主要治疗药物,但 PNP 可合并非霍奇金淋巴瘤,意味着治疗 PNP 常常需要积极的免疫抑制治疗,使用更多以 T 细胞为靶标的疗法,例如环孢素,以及 B 细胞清除疗法。[28]Frew JW, Murrell DF. Current management strategies in paraneoplastic pemphigus (paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome). Dermatol Clin. 2011;29:607-612.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21925005?tool=bestpractice.com 现已有使用阿仑珠单抗作为辅助药物成功治疗 PNP 的病例报告。[44]Ekbäck M, Uggla B. Paraneoplastic pemphigus associated with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: treatment with alemtuzumab. Leuk Res. 2012;36:e190-e191.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22579369?tool=bestpractice.com