案例#1
一名32岁的埃及妇女,既往体健,饲养鸡。急性起病,极度乏力伴发热38.8°C(102°F)2天。病程中有咳嗽、痰中带血、呼吸困难、胸膜炎性胸痛、腹部隐痛、水样泻。因呼吸状态欠佳被家人送至医院。胸片显示多个肺叶实变。淋巴细胞和血小板计数低,AST和ALT升高。家庭成员没有患病。患者家属说,居住地区最近有许多家禽生病或死亡,患者近期处置并食用过病鸡。
案例#2
一名55岁的越南裔美国人,既往有高血压病史。冬季从东南亚返回美国,不久后出现进行性发热、咳嗽咳痰、呼吸急促的症状。他在越南农村地区住了3个月。他的家人说,患者居住的地方有大范围的家禽死亡。发病之前5天,患者处置过死亡家禽,并且到活禽市场购买过活鸡和活鸭。患者呼吸急促,血氧饱和度90%,左下肺呼吸音减低。胸片显示左肺下叶实变。实验室检查发现白细胞增多、贫血、血小板增多、低血氧症。
其他表现
疾病早期的症状和体征类似发热性上呼吸道感染。一般 3-6 天内,往往可进展为严重的下呼吸道病变。[21]World Health Organization. Update on human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection, 2010. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2011;86:161-166.http://www.who.int/wer/2011/wer8617.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21516633?tool=bestpractice.com可能发生多器官衰竭。[22]Uyeki TM. Human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus: review of clinical issues. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:279-290.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/49/2/279/405437/Human-Infection-with-Highly-Pathogenic-Avianhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19522652?tool=bestpractice.com已有关于脑炎和脑膜脑炎的报道。[23]de Jong MD, Bach VC, Phan TQ, et al. Fatal avian influenza A (H5N1) in a child presenting with diarrhea followed by coma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:686-691.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa044307#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15716562?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Rajabali N, Lim T, Sokolowski C, et al. Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection with respiratory failure and meningoencephalitis in a Canadian traveller. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2015;26:221-223.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4556185/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26361492?tool=bestpractice.com已有临床表现轻微的病例(发热和上呼吸道感染的症状)记录,特别是在埃及早期就诊的儿童患者中,其他国家/地区也有相关记录。[25]Kandeel A, Manoncourt S, Abd el Kareem E, et al. Zoonotic transmission of avian influenza virus (H5N1), Egypt, 2006-2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:1101-1107.https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/09-1695_articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20587181?tool=bestpractice.com[26]International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B). Outbreak of mild respiratory disease caused by H5N1 and H9N2 infections among young children in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2011. Health Sci Bulletin. 2011;9:1-12.http://dspace.icddrb.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4874/1/2011-ICDDRBHealthScienceBulletin-Vol9%282%29-English.pdf[27]Oner AF, Dogan N, Gasimov V, et al. H5N1 avian influenza in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55:26-32.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/55/1/26/317646/H5N1-Avian-Influenza-in-Childrenhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22423125?tool=bestpractice.com入院时,大部分患者有发热和类似于严重社区获得性肺炎的临床表现。[28]Shinde V, Hanshaoworakul W, Simmerman JM, et al. A comparison of clinical and epidemiological characteristics of fatal human infections with H5N1 and human influenza viruses in Thailand, 2004-2006. PLoS One. 2011;6:e14809.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0014809http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21559080?tool=bestpractice.com