确诊甲型禽流感H5N1病毒感染
大部分HPAI H5N1病毒感染的住院患者可迅速进展为病毒性肺炎,最终导致ARDS和多器官衰竭。[19]Writing Committee of the Second World Health Organization Consultation on Clinical Aspects of Human Infection with Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus; Abdel-Ghafar AN, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, et al. Update on avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in humans. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:261-273.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra0707279http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18199865?tool=bestpractice.com早期诊断、尽早接受抗病毒治疗以及支持治疗可以改善预后。可以向当地或国家的公共卫生部门联系寻求指导。
人感染HPAI H5N1病毒后的临床治疗管理没有标准化的处理方案,WHO建议,对已存在的临床症状(例如,感染性休克,呼吸衰竭和ARDS)症候群,根据已发表的循证指南给予支持治疗(例如,感染性休克,呼吸衰竭和ARDS)。[19]Writing Committee of the Second World Health Organization Consultation on Clinical Aspects of Human Infection with Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus; Abdel-Ghafar AN, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, et al. Update on avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in humans. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:261-273.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra0707279http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18199865?tool=bestpractice.com[113]Arabi Y, Gomersall CD, Ahmed QA, et al. The critically ill avian influenza A (H5N1) patient. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:1397-1403.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17414089?tool=bestpractice.com根据WHO建议,危重或进展患者,包括病毒性肺炎、呼吸衰竭,由于流感病毒感染引起的ARDS,不应该给予全身激素治疗,除非存在其他原因(如肾上腺皮质功能不全,难治性感染性休克)或作为研究方案的一部分。[109]World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for pharmacological management of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza and other influenza viruses. February 2010. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 4 May 2017).http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/h1n1_use_antivirals_20090820/en/
如果存在或怀疑存在暴露风险,应尽早开始经验性抗病毒治疗。抗病毒治疗(神经氨酸酶抑制剂)不应因为采集诊断样本或进行实验室检测而推迟。口服或肠内给予奥司他韦是首选的主要治疗方法。奥司他韦治疗HPAI H5N1患者的疗效,没有临床对照试验数据。不过,根据回顾性数据,WHO 强烈建议HPAI H5N1感染者使用奥司他韦治疗。[110]World Health Organization. WHO rapid advice guidelines on pharmacological management of humans infected with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. June 2006. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 4 May 2017).http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/WHO_PSM_PAR_2006.6.pdf观察性非对照研究结果显示,早期接受奥司他韦治疗的患者生存率增加,尤其是在疾病早期或者ARDS出现前。[82]de Jong MD, Simmons CP, Thanh TT, et al. Fatal outcome of human influenza A (H5N1) is associated with high viral load and hypercytokinemia. Nat Med. 2006;12:1203-1207.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16964257?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Kandeel A, Manoncourt S, Abd el Kareem E, et al. Zoonotic transmission of avian influenza virus (H5N1), Egypt, 2006-2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:1101-1107.https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/09-1695_articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20587181?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Writing Committee of the Second World Health Organization Consultation on Clinical Aspects of Human Infection with Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus; Abdel-Ghafar AN, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, et al. Update on avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in humans. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:261-273.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra0707279http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18199865?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Kandun IN, Tresnaningsih E, Purba WH, et al. Factors associated with case fatality of human H5N1 virus infections in Indonesia: a case series. Lancet. 2008;372:744-749.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18706688?tool=bestpractice.com[114]Adisasmito W, Chan PK, Lee N, et al. Effectiveness of antiviral treatment in human influenza A (H5N1) infections: analysis of a Global Patient Registry. J Infect Dis. 2010;202:1154-1160.https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/202/8/1154/926337/Effectiveness-of-Antiviral-Treatment-in-Humanhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20831384?tool=bestpractice.com[115]Chan PK, Lee N, Zaman M, et al. Determinants of antiviral effectiveness in influenza virus A subtype H5N1. J Infect Dis. 2012;206:1359-1366.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22927451?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Oner AF, Dogan N, Gasimov V, et al. H5N1 avian influenza in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55:26-32.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/55/1/26/317646/H5N1-Avian-Influenza-in-Childrenhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22423125?tool=bestpractice.com[114]Adisasmito W, Chan PK, Lee N, et al. Effectiveness of antiviral treatment in human influenza A (H5N1) infections: analysis of a Global Patient Registry. J Infect Dis. 2010;202:1154-1160.https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/202/8/1154/926337/Effectiveness-of-Antiviral-Treatment-in-Humanhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20831384?tool=bestpractice.com美国疾病预防控制中心 (CDC) 和世界卫生组织 (WHO) 推荐将奥司他韦用于治疗 1 岁以下的儿童 HPAI H5N1 病毒感染者。儿童剂量按体重计算。儿童可出现独特的皮肤、行为和神经系统的不良事件;因此,在这一人群中使用应格外谨慎。治疗HPAI H5N1病毒感染,以及对成人季节性流感治疗的系统综述,没有报道过有严重的不良反应事件。吸入扎那米韦可作为非气管插管患者的替代治疗方案。[109]World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for pharmacological management of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza and other influenza viruses. February 2010. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 4 May 2017).http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/h1n1_use_antivirals_20090820/en/
如果病情仍然危重或者仍在进展期,尽管抗病毒治疗≥5天,WHO仍推荐在可能的情况下监测病毒复制和排毒情况、抗病毒药物的敏感性测试。有报道在治疗HPAI H5N1患者过程中出现奥司他韦耐药的病例。[116]de Jong MD, Tran TT, Truong HK, et al. Oseltamivir resistance during treatment of influenza A (H5N1) infection. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2667-2672.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa054512#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16371632?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Le QM, Kiso M, Someya K, et al. Avian flu: isolation of drug-resistant H5N1 virus. Nature. 2005;437:1108.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16228009?tool=bestpractice.com此外,也有报道甲型HPAI H5N1病毒对奥司他韦原发性耐药。[118]Le MT, Wertheim HF, Nguyen HD, et al. Influenza A H5N1 clade 2.3.4 virus with a different antiviral susceptibility profile replaced clade 1 virus in humans in northern Vietnam. PLoS One. 2008;3:e3339.http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003339http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18836532?tool=bestpractice.com2010年,WHO检测的HPAI H5N1病毒株中,没有一株发生耐奥司他韦的神经氨酸酶基因突变。[21]World Health Organization. Update on human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection, 2010. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2011;86:161-166.http://www.who.int/wer/2011/wer8617.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21516633?tool=bestpractice.com不推荐奥司他韦和扎那米韦的联合治疗,因为潜在的拮抗作用。[119]Duval X, van der Werf S, Blanchon T, et al. Efficacy of oseltamivir-zanamivir combination compared to each monotherapy for seasonal influenza: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2010;7:e1000362.http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000362http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21072246?tool=bestpractice.com
不推荐单独使用M2抑制剂(金刚烷胺和金刚乙胺)作为一线治疗策略。如果本地疾病监测数据显示,本地区已确认或可能有HPAI H5N1病毒,WHO认为可以联合神经氨酸酶抑制剂和M2抑制剂,但这仅限于研究或前瞻性数据收集。[110]World Health Organization. WHO rapid advice guidelines on pharmacological management of humans infected with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. June 2006. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 4 May 2017).http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/WHO_PSM_PAR_2006.6.pdf临床医师应仔细确定哪些患者可以接受联合治疗。[110]World Health Organization. WHO rapid advice guidelines on pharmacological management of humans infected with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. June 2006. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 4 May 2017).http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/WHO_PSM_PAR_2006.6.pdf