基于以下原因,梅毒筛查非常重要:
下列人群应行梅毒筛查:
筛查试验
许多实验室目前正在使用“反向序列筛查法”,通过密螺旋体酶免疫测定法 (EIA),可识别目前梅毒未治疗和未完全治疗以及既往梅毒已经治疗的患者。[73]Young H. Guidelines for serological testing for syphilis. Sex Transm Infect. 2000;76:403-405.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11141863?tool=bestpractice.com[74]United States Preventive Services Task Force. Syphilis infection in nonpregnant adults and adolescents: screening. July 2016. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/ (last accessed 26 September 2016).https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/syphilis-infection-in-nonpregnant-adults-and-adolescents 然而,在梅毒潜伏期和一期时,EIA 结果可能呈假阴性。在其他非性传播螺旋体感染(例如雅司病、品他病和非性病性梅毒)和以前接受过治疗的梅毒患者中,EIA 结果也可能呈阳性。[75]Pope V. Use of treponemal tests to screen for syphilis. Infect Med. 2004;21:399-402.
如果一种螺旋体特异性筛查检测结果呈阳性,应行非密螺旋体检测(例如 VDRL 或 RPR),以确诊。这些检测能够定量评估疾病活动度(滴度),以指导治疗。如果随后的非密螺旋体检测结果呈阴性,应行另外一种不同的螺旋体检测对初次检查结果进行确认。[3]Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64:1-137.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6403a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042815?tool=bestpractice.com
另一种筛查方法是 CDC 推荐使用的非密螺旋体试验(VDRL 或 RPR)作为初始检测。需要使用密螺旋体试验确认阳性试验结果,因为其他疾病也可导致假阳性结果。
在资源贫乏的国家和非临床检查环境中,快速床旁检测(世界卫生组织推荐)在控制和预防妊娠期梅毒的恶性后果方面起到一种非常重要的作用。[76]Tucker JD, Bu J, Brown LB, et al. Accelerating worldwide syphilis screening through rapid testing: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:381-386.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20510278?tool=bestpractice.com
在性传播疾病诊所的筛查
在美国,CDC 已经建立了一个标准,即:90% 的性传播疾病就诊者应接受梅毒检测,超过 90% 被诊断为其他性传播疾病的患者也应接受梅毒检测。[6]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National plan to eliminate syphilis from the United States. 2006. http://www.cdc.gov (last accessed 26 September 2016).http://www.cdc.gov/stopsyphilis/SEEPlan2006.pdf 在英国,英国性卫生和 HIV 协会 (BASHH) 建议所有性病诊所就诊者均应接受梅毒筛查。[77]British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) Clinical Effectiveness Group. 2015 BASHH CEG guidance on tests for sexually transmitted infections. April 2015. http://www.bashh.org/ (last accessed 26 September 2016).https://www.bashhguidelines.org/media/1084/sti-testing-tables-2015-dec-update-4.pdf 所有性病患者均需行梅毒筛查,他们患性传播疾病的风险更高,无论他们在哪里。这包括男男性行为者 (MSM),与 HIV 感染患者有性关系的人群,有多名性伴侣的人群,职业性工作者,以性换取毒品的人群。[73]Young H. Guidelines for serological testing for syphilis. Sex Transm Infect. 2000;76:403-405.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11141863?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for partner services programs for HIV infection, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydial infection. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008;57:1-83.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5709a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987617?tool=bestpractice.comCDC: sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 2014
产前筛查
通过妊娠女性产前筛查能够发现无症状女性,使得母亲和婴儿均得以治疗,并预防先天性感染。梅毒未治疗或未充分治疗是死产的一个危险因素。有证据强烈支持将梅毒筛查和早期治疗作为预防死产或其他畸形的一种措施。[79]Menezes EV, Yakoob MY, Soomro T, et al. Reducing stillbirths: prevention and management of medical disorders and infections during pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2009;9(suppl 1):S4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2679410/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19426467?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Hawkes SJ, Gomez GB, Broutet N. Early antenatal care: does it make a difference to outcomes of pregnancy associated with syphilis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8:e56713.http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0056713http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23468875?tool=bestpractice.com 从一项普遍筛查的研究得到的证据支持对妊娠女性行梅毒筛查能够有效预防先天性梅毒。[81]Wolff T, Shelton E, Sessions C, at al. Screening for syphilis infection in pregnant women: evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:710-716.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=744502http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19451578?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Blencowe H, Cousens S, Kamb M, et al. Lives Saved Tool supplement detection and treatment of syphilis in pregnancy to reduce syphilis related stillbirths and neonatal mortality. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(suppl 3):S9.http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/11/S3/S9http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21501460?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Chen XS, Peeling RW, Yin YP, Mabey D. Improving antenatal care to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes caused by syphilis. Future Microbiol. 2011;6:1131-1134.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22004031?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Hawkes S, Matin N, Broutet N, et al. Effectiveness of interventions to improve screening for syphilis in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:684-691.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21683653?tool=bestpractice.com 一项整群随机试验发现,针对产前梅毒的一站式筛查服务与先天性梅毒发病率降低有关。[85]Munkhuu B, Liabsuetrakul T, Chongsuvivatwong V, et al. One-stop service for antenatal syphilis screening and prevention of congenital syphilis in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: a cluster randomized trial. Sex Transm Dis. 2009;36:714-720.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19773681?tool=bestpractice.com 一站式筛查对于梅毒发病率高的地区具有特别的意义,可执行快速检测和治疗。美国预防服务工作组、美国疾病预防控制中心 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC)、世界卫生组织 (WHO) 和英国国家筛选委员会 (UK National Screening Committee, NSC) 均建议对所有妊娠女性行梅毒筛查。[2]World Health Organization. Guidelines for the treatment of Treponema pallidum (syphilis). 2016. http://www.who.int (last accessed 26 September 2016).http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/249572/1/9789241549806-eng.pdf?ua=1[3]Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64:1-137.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6403a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042815?tool=bestpractice.com[62]US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for syphilis infection in pregnancy: US Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:705-709.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=744501http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19451577?tool=bestpractice.com[74]United States Preventive Services Task Force. Syphilis infection in nonpregnant adults and adolescents: screening. July 2016. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/ (last accessed 26 September 2016).https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/syphilis-infection-in-nonpregnant-adults-and-adolescents[81]Wolff T, Shelton E, Sessions C, at al. Screening for syphilis infection in pregnant women: evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:710-716.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=744502http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19451578?tool=bestpractice.com[86]US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for syphilis infection in pregnancy: US Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:705-709.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=744501http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19451577?tool=bestpractice.comNSC: the UK NSC recommendation on syphilis screening in pregnancy
所有妊娠女性的首次产前检查均应行梅毒血清学检测。如果既往血清学检测结果呈阳性,或者母体获得梅毒的风险高,在妊娠晚期的较早阶段和生产时,应再次行血清学检测。[3]Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64:1-137.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6403a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042815?tool=bestpractice.com 在妊娠期和婴儿出院之前,应确定母亲的梅毒血清学状态。[3]Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64:1-137.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6403a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042815?tool=bestpractice.com 产前筛查是符合成本效益的,即使在梅毒发病率低的地区,也是如此。WHO: baseline report on global sexually transmitted infection surveillance 2012 任何有过死产婴儿的女性均应行梅毒检测。所有患梅毒的妊娠女性,均应行 HIV 检测。[3]Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64:1-137.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6403a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042815?tool=bestpractice.com
低风险无症状人群的筛查
如果患者无症状且无梅毒感染增加的风险,不推荐筛查。考虑到在一般人群中,梅毒感染的发病率低,以及由此导致的筛查低收益率和潜在的危害(例如筛查结果呈假阳性),对于低发病率人群进行筛查,可能会使成本大于获益。[74]United States Preventive Services Task Force. Syphilis infection in nonpregnant adults and adolescents: screening. July 2016. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/ (last accessed 26 September 2016).https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/syphilis-infection-in-nonpregnant-adults-and-adolescents
HIV 和其他 STD 的筛查
对于所有梅毒患者,都应进行其他性传播疾病筛查,包括衣原体、淋病、和其他血液传播病毒如乙型、丙型肝炎。对于所有梅毒患者,均应进行 HIV 检测。[78]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for partner services programs for HIV infection, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydial infection. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008;57:1-83.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5709a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987617?tool=bestpractice.com 梅毒是 HIV 传播的一种重要促进因素,此外,一篇关于现今梅毒流行病学的综述描述了梅毒在男男性行为者 (MSM) 中的流行情况。[29]Rottingen JA, Cameron DW, Garnett GP. A systematic review of the epidemiologic interactions between classic sexually transmitted diseases and HIV: how much is really known? Sex Transm Dis. 2001;28:579-597.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11689757?tool=bestpractice.com 来自中国的系统回顾和荟萃分析的数据表明,在 MSM 中,HIV 合并梅毒感染从 2005 年到 2006 年期间的 1.4% 增加至 2007 年到 2008 年的 2.7%。[87]Chow EP, Wilson DP, Zhang L. HIV and syphilis co-infection increasing among men who have sex with men in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2011;6:e22768.http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0022768http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21857952?tool=bestpractice.com 在 MSM(尤其是接受抗逆转录病毒治疗者)中,共感染的发生率不成比例的增加。[20]Peterman TA, Heffelfinger JD, Swint EB, et al. The changing epidemiology of syphilis. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32(10 suppl):S4-S10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16205291?tool=bestpractice.com 对于 HIV 患者,应高度警惕梅毒检测和诊断。在 HIV 发病率高的地区,一期梅毒患者应在 3 个月后再次接受 HIV 检测,即使初次 HIV 检测结果呈阴性。[3]Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64:1-137.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6403a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042815?tool=bestpractice.com 合并 HIV 感染患者,血清反应可能不典型,可表现为高、低或波动性滴度。