雌激素和选择性雌激素受体调节剂 (SERM)
雌激素和选择性雌激素受体调节剂 (SERM) 以剂量依赖性方式上调细胞因子信号转导抑制基因-2 (SOCS2) 的表达。SOCS2 蛋白会损害 GH 诱发型 Janus 激酶 2 磷酸化作用,从而使细胞内 GH 信号传导衰减,因此减少 IGF-1 产生。已证实雌激素本身以及 SERM(如他莫昔芬、雷洛昔芬及氯米芬)均可降低肢端肥大症患者的血浆 IGF-1 水平并使 25%~50% 病例中的血浆 IGF-1 水平恢复正常。似乎这种效应要求该病的生化活动相当低,且治疗前 IGF-1 水平不得超出正常值上限约 2.5 倍。此外,SERM 会增加男性的血浆睾酮水平。尚未评估雌激素/SERM 治疗肢端肥大症的临床疗效,此类研究将十分重要。[36]Stone JC, Clark J, Cuneo R, et al. Estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) for the treatment of acromegaly: a meta-analysis of published observational studies. Pituitary. 2014;17:284-295.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23925896?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Balili I, Barkan A. Tamoxifen as a therapeutic agent in acromegaly. Pituitary. 2014;17:500-504.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24243064?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Duarte FH, Jallad RS, Bronstein MD. Clomiphene citrate for treatment of acromegaly not controlled by conventional therapies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:1863-1869.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25738590?tool=bestpractice.com
作为一线疗法的生长抑素类似物 (SSA)
采用 SSA 进行的首选治疗方法越来越多地被考虑用于手术缓解率可能较差的患者(罹患大浸润性腺瘤且无压迫迹象的患者)、罹患会增加手术风险的共存病的患者以及拒绝手术的患者。生化缓解率在 35%~70% 之间。肿瘤缩小发生于 80% 的患者中且 17%~70% 的患者肿瘤缩小 > 50%。已观察到长期 SSA 疗法获得的肿瘤逐渐缩小和相关性体积改变。[23]Colao A, Pivonello R, Rosato F, et al. First-line octreotide-LAR therapy induces tumour shrinkage and controls hormone excess in patients with acromegaly: results from an open, prospective, multicentre trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006;64:342-351.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16487447?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Cozzi R, Montini M, Attanasio R, et al. Primary treatment of acromegaly with octreotide LAR: a long-term (up to nine years) prospective study of its efficacy in the control of disease activity and tumor shrinkage. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:1397-1403.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2005-2347http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16449332?tool=bestpractice.com作为手术替代方案,采用生长抑素类似物 (SSA) 进行初始药物疗法后,肢端肥大症控制方面的改善情况:中等质量的证据表明,采用 SSA 进行的初始药物疗法与在手术控制肢端肥大症失败之后采用 SSA 疗法治疗同等有效。[23]Colao A, Pivonello R, Rosato F, et al. First-line octreotide-LAR therapy induces tumour shrinkage and controls hormone excess in patients with acromegaly: results from an open, prospective, multicentre trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006;64:342-351.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16487447?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Cozzi R, Montini M, Attanasio R, et al. Primary treatment of acromegaly with octreotide LAR: a long-term (up to nine years) prospective study of its efficacy in the control of disease activity and tumor shrinkage. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:1397-1403.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2005-2347http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16449332?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,没有随机对照研究对初级药物疗法与外科手术进行比较。”受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
SSA 和生长激素 (GH) 受体拮抗剂联合治疗
已报告每月一次的长效 SSA 和每周一次的培维索孟的联合治疗可抑制 90% 以上患者的胰岛素样生长因子 1 水平、改善葡萄糖耐量并能够以低剂量培维索孟进行治疗。因此,联合治疗可降低部分患者的肢端肥大症药物治疗成本。[32]Roelfsema F, Biermasz NR, Pereira AM, et al. The role of pegvisomant in the treatment of acromegaly. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2008;8:691-704.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18407771?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Feenstra J, de Herder WW, ten Have SM, et al. Combined therapy with somatostatin analogues and weekly pegvisomant in active acromegaly. Lancet. 2005;365:1644-1646.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15885297?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Moore DJ, Adi Y, Connock MJ, et al. Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of pegvisomant for the treatment of acromegaly: a systematic review and economic evaluation. BMC Endocr Disord. 2009;9:20.http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6823/9/20http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19814797?tool=bestpractice.com
帕瑞肽
作为一种具有 SST-5 受体增强型亲和力、广谱的新型生长抑素类似物,与奥曲肽相比,帕瑞肽在使肢端肥大症患者的 GH 和 IGF-1 浓度恢复正常方面的疗效似乎更高。[41]Colao A, Bronstein MD, Freda P, et al. Pasireotide versus octreotide in acromegaly: a head-to-head superiority study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:791-799.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/10.1210/jc.2013-2480http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24423324?tool=bestpractice.com 在一项研究中,发现帕瑞肽长效释放剂使血浆 IGF-1 浓度正常化的患者比例比长效奥曲肽或兰瑞肽高约 50%。[42]Samson SL. Pasireotide in acromegaly: an overview of current mechanistic and clinical data. Neuroendocrinology. 2015;102:8-17.http://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/381460http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25792118?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,这会伴有高血糖症或糖尿病发病率增加 2~3 倍。另外,帕瑞肽的副作用与老药的副作用类似。长效帕瑞肽在肢端肥大症治疗中的地位还有待确定。
生长激素产生型生长激素腺瘤术前治疗
作为一种改善手术干预疗效的方法,采用生长抑素类似物进行的生长激素产生型生长激素腺瘤术前治疗的问题已在非对照试验中广泛研究,结果各有不同。一项单一的荟萃分析得出结论:在随机安慰剂对照试验中,采用生长抑素类似物进行的预治疗几乎使 GH 和 IGF-1 的手术正常化率加倍。[43]Pita-Gutierrez F, Pertega-Diaz S, Pita-Fernandez S, et al. Place of preoperative treatment of acromegaly with somatostatin analog on surgical outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8:e61523.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0061523http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23634209?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,应谨慎解读这些结论。首先,安慰剂组患者的生化控制率非常低,预治疗可将其升高至经验丰富的垂体神经外科医生所报告的治疗效果研究中通常所观察到的水平。然而,第二项荟萃分析无法确认这些结论。[44]Zhang L, Wu X, Yan Y, et al. Preoperative somatostatin analogs treatment in acromegalic patients with macroadenomas. A meta-analysis. Brain Dev. 2015;37:181-190.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24815226?tool=bestpractice.com 初始随机试验评估短期内(如 3-4 个月)的生化控制率,且之后的研究也发现短期控制率较高,但无法证明长期控制的耐久性。一个潜在解释可能是,术前使用的长效奥曲肽或兰瑞肽对术后 GH 和 IGF-1 浓度有后续效应。因此,生长抑素术前治疗的有益效应问题仍然没有解决。[45]Shen M, Shou X, Wang Y, et al. Effect of presurgical long-acting octreotide treatment in acromegaly patients with invasive pituitary macroadenomas: a prospective randomized study. Endocr J. 2010;57:1035-1044.https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/endocrj/57/12/57_K10E-203/_pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21099129?tool=bestpractice.com