肢端肥大症会引发严重并发症和过早死亡。在最近数年出现的更有效的常规治疗方法之前,一般人群中肢端肥大症平均死亡率估计为预期水平的 2~3 倍。[3]Holdaway IM, Rajasoorya C. Epidemiology of acromegaly. Pituitary. 1999;2:29-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11081170?tool=bestpractice.com 由于现代手术和药物治疗策略,尽管预后已有所改善,但是最近的一项荟萃分析显示,这些患者的总死亡率仍然升高(为一般人群测量值的 1.6 倍)。通过确定严格的生化控制标准以及更积极地治疗高血压、糖尿病及睡眠呼吸暂停等肢端肥大症共存病,患者存活时间及其生活质量已有所改善。[20]Holdaway IM, Bolland MJ, Gamble GD. A meta-analysis of the effect of lowering serum levels of GH and IGF-I on mortality in acromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;159:89-95.http://www.eje-online.org/content/159/2/89.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18524797?tool=bestpractice.com
手术缓解
外科手术对 70%~90% 的封闭型微腺瘤(直径 < 10 mm)和 30%~60% 的大腺瘤的生化控制有效。[21]Laws ER. Surgery for acromegaly: evolution of the techniques and outcomes. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2008;9:67-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18228147?tool=bestpractice.com 它可能是一种一次性治疗,可使生长激素 (GH) 在术后期立即正常化。成功病例中 GH 正常化时胰岛素样生长因子 1 (IGF-1) 水平下降更慢,需要 2 到 3 个月。
生长抑素类似物 (SSA) 应答者
手术后如果肿瘤仍然存在或复发或作为一线疗法,SSA 对约 60% 的患者的疾病控制有效,3 到 6 个月内 GH/IGF-1 下降。[23]Colao A, Pivonello R, Rosato F, et al. First-line octreotide-LAR therapy induces tumour shrinkage and controls hormone excess in patients with acromegaly: results from an open, prospective, multicentre trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006;64:342-351.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16487447?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Cozzi R, Montini M, Attanasio R, et al. Primary treatment of acromegaly with octreotide LAR: a long-term (up to nine years) prospective study of its efficacy in the control of disease activity and tumor shrinkage. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:1397-1403.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2005-2347http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16449332?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Giustina A, Mazziotti G, Torri V, et al. Meta-analysis on the effects of octreotide on tumor mass in acromegaly. PLoS One. 2012;7:e36411.http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0036411http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22574156?tool=bestpractice.com 尚未发现长期 SSA 治疗的快速耐药反应。SSA 治疗中止导致疾病复发。这种终身治疗的成本较昂贵。
SSA 耐药或不耐受
治疗 6 个月后尽管已采用最大推荐剂量,肢端肥大症未得到生化控制时,可考虑患者是否对 SSA 耐药。对于 SSA 耐药或不耐受病例,应考虑培维索孟治疗(如果可用)。虽然该治疗对 75%~90% 病例中可有效使 IGF-1 水平正常化,但是它对 GH 分泌没有任何影响且并未阻止肿瘤生长。[30]Trainer PJ, Drake WM, Katznelson L, et al. Treatment of acromegaly with the growth hormone-receptor antagonist pegvisomant. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1171-1177.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200004203421604#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10770982?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Strasburger CJ, Buchfelder M, Droste M, et al; German Pegvisomant Investigators. Experience from the German pegvisomant observational study. Horm Res. 2007;68:70-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18174713?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Roelfsema F, Biermasz NR, Pereira AM, et al. The role of pegvisomant in the treatment of acromegaly. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2008;8:691-704.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18407771?tool=bestpractice.com 相对应的是,常规放疗可在 10~15 年内控制 50%~60% 病例 GH/IGF-1 分泌过多。此外,放疗导致 10 年内 50% 以上患者垂体功能减退,并且罹患脑血管事件和继发性颅内肿瘤的风险增加。[33]Barkan AL, Halasz I, Dornfeld KJ, et al. Pituitary irradiation is ineffective in normalizing plasma insulin-like growth factor I in patients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:3187-3191.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jcem.82.10.4249http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9329336?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Minniti G, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Osti M, et al. The long-term efficacy of conventional radiotherapy in patients with GH-secreting pituitary adenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;62:210-216.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15670198?tool=bestpractice.com