根据 2010 年全球疾病负担研究 (Global Burden of Disease Study) 报告,利什曼病是继疟疾之后第二重要的媒介传播疾病,估计有 330 万伤残调整生命年。[13]GBD 2015 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388:1603-1658.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)31460-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27733283?tool=bestpractice.com利什曼病流行于热带和新热带的 98 个国家/地区。每年确诊病例数约为 90-160 万,其中约 75% 的病例是皮肤利什曼病。[14]World Health Organization. Control of the leishmaniases. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2010:xii-xiii;1-186;back cover.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21485694?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, et al; WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One. 2012;7:e35671.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0035671http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22693548?tool=bestpractice.com每年因利什曼病死亡的病例数为 2-4 万例。[15]Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, et al; WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One. 2012;7:e35671.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0035671http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22693548?tool=bestpractice.com据估计全球约有 17.1 亿和 16.9 亿人口分别生活在有皮肤利什曼病和内脏利什曼病传播的地区。[16]Pigott DM, Bhatt S, Golding N, et al. Global distribution maps of the leishmaniases. Elife. 2014:3.http://elifesciences.org/content/3/e02851http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24972829?tool=bestpractice.com
70-75% 的皮肤利什曼病病例发生在阿富汗、阿尔及利亚、巴西、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、埃塞俄比亚、伊朗、苏丹、秘鲁和叙利亚。[15]Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, et al; WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One. 2012;7:e35671.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0035671http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22693548?tool=bestpractice.com全球病例数在过去十年有所增多,这归因于城镇化和森林砍伐,人类移居入利什曼病的自然疫源地,使原来在野生动物中保存的利什曼原虫由白蛉传播到人,成为人类的疾病,导致利什曼病的流行区扩大。媒介或宿主控制计划受限或缺失,诊断和病例报告情况的改善,与机会性感染(如 HIV/AIDS)相关的皮肤利什曼病检出率提高,以及抗利什曼原虫药物抗药性的出现。[17]Alvar J, Aparicio P, Aseffa A, et al. The relationship between leishmaniasis and AIDS: the second 10 years. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008;21:334-359.http://cmr.asm.org/content/21/2/334.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18400800?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Croft SL, Sundar S, Fairlamb AH. Drug resistance in leishmaniasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006;19:111-126.http://cmr.asm.org/content/19/1/111.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16418526?tool=bestpractice.com在发达国家/地区,过去十年报告的皮肤利什曼病病例数不断增多。这最有可能归因于旅游、军事任务或专业人员前往皮肤利什曼病流行病区的人数增多。[19]Wright NA, Davis LE, Aftergut KS, et al. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Texas: a northern spread of endemic areas. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:650-652.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18249464?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Blum J, Desjeux P, Schwartz E, et al. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis among travellers. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;53:158-166.http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/53/2/158.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14729756?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Lawn SD, Whetham J, Chiodini PL, et al. New world mucosal and cutaneous leishmaniasis: an emerging health problem among British travellers. QJM. 2004;97:781-788.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15569809?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Weina PJ, Neafie RC, Wortmann G, et al. Old world leishmaniasis: an emerging infection among deployed US military and civilian workers. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1674-1680.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/39/11/1674.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15578370?tool=bestpractice.com皮肤利什曼病的大规模暴发(即病例数超过 200,000 例)与某些国家内乱的持续以及由此造成的公共医疗卫生服务崩溃(如阿富汗,以及最近的叙利亚)相关。[15]Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, et al; WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One. 2012;7:e35671.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0035671http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22693548?tool=bestpractice.com
>90% 的内脏利什曼病报告病例来自于孟加拉国、印度、南苏丹、埃塞俄比亚和巴西。[15]Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, et al; WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One. 2012;7:e35671.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0035671http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22693548?tool=bestpractice.com在这些国家/地区,内脏利什曼病主要发生在农村地区的贫困人群中。最近,某些报告表明内脏利什曼病已扩展到城市地区(如巴西)。[23]Alvar J, Yactayo S, Bern C. Leishmaniasis and poverty. Trends Parasitol. 2006;22:552-557.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17023215?tool=bestpractice.com在发达国家/地区,内脏利什曼病是一种罕见的疾病,从伊拉克或阿富汗归国的军事人员或来自流行区的移民或游客中偶尔可见。[24]Myles O, Wortmann GW, Cummings JF, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis: clinical observations in 4 US army soldiers deployed to Afghanistan or Iraq, 2002-2004. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:1899-1901.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17893312?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Wortmann G, Miller RS, Oster C, et al. A randomized, double-blind study of the efficacy of a 10- or 20-day course of sodium stibogluconate for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in United States military personnel. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:261-267.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/3/261.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12115091?tool=bestpractice.com有证据表明,在美国东部,狐、猎犬会感染婴儿利什曼原虫,但当地尚未报告有传播给人类的病例。[26]Duprey ZH, Steurer FJ, Rooney JA, et al. Canine visceral leishmaniasis, United States and Canada, 2000-2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:440-446.http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/3/05-0811_article.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16704782?tool=bestpractice.com