一级预防措施取决于流行区居民的睡眠习惯;白蛉密度、分布和多样性;以及传播类型(人源型或动物源型)。[1]Reithinger R, Dujardin JC, Louzir H, et al. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7:581-596.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17714672?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Chappuis F, Sundar S, Hailu A, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control? Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007;5:873-882, S7-S16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17938629?tool=bestpractice.com感染和疾病的预防措施是以控制患者或动物宿主为基础。这需要在人源型利什曼病流行区内及时发现和治疗患者,在动物源型利什曼病流行区内捣毁啮齿动物洞穴,或给犬佩戴含杀虫剂项圈以切断动物源型利什曼病的传播;传播媒介控制(如在家中喷洒杀虫剂),或做好个人防护(如使用经杀虫剂处理的蚊帐、窗帘或毯子)。[1]Reithinger R, Dujardin JC, Louzir H, et al. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7:581-596.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17714672?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Chappuis F, Sundar S, Hailu A, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control? Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007;5:873-882, S7-S16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17938629?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Matlashewski G, Arana B, Kroeger A, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis: elimination with existing interventions. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:322-325.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1453873?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Romero GA, Boelaert M. Control of visceral leishmaniasis in Latin America: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4:e584.http://www.plosntds.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0000584http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20098726?tool=bestpractice.com目前,支持预防和控制方法可以持续降低发病率的证据有限。[44]González U, Pinart M, Sinclair D, et al, Vector and reservoir control for preventing leishmaniasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(8):CD008736.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008736.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26246011?tool=bestpractice.com因此,与印度和尼泊尔现有的内脏利什曼病控制措施相比,目前尚不确定大规模分发长效杀虫剂蚊帐能否对人提供额外防护。[45]Picado A, Singh SP, Rijal S, et al. Longlasting insecticidal nets for prevention of Leishmania donovani infection in India and Nepal: paired cluster randomised trial. BMJ. 2010;341:c6760.http://www.bmj.com/content/341/bmj.c6760.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21190965?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Chowdhury R, Dotson E, Blackstock AJ, et al. Comparison of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying to control the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Mymensingh District, Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;84:662-667.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21540372?tool=bestpractice.com意图通过捕杀犬类来控制动物源型内脏利什曼病的做法是低效且不道德的。[47]Costa CH. How effective is dog culling in controlling zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis? A critical evaluation of the science, politics and ethics behind this public health policy. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2011;44:232-242.http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0037-86822011005000014&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=enhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21468480?tool=bestpractice.com目前尚未研制出有效的预防人类利什曼病的疫苗。[48]Kedzierski L, Zhu Y, Handman E. Leishmania vaccines: progress and problems. Parasitology. 2006;133(suppl):S87-S112.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17274851?tool=bestpractice.com