对误吸最常使用的诊断性检查是床旁吞咽评估。 这项检查包括患者问诊、体格检查和误吸体征的评估。 虽然这项检查通常由言语语言病理医师进行,为了简化诊断性评估,床旁吞咽评估的某些较敏感组成部分可以作为筛查单独或共同进行。[49]Brodsky MB, Suiter DM, González-Fernández M, et al. Screening accuracy for aspiration using bedside water swallow tests: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest. 2016;150:148-163.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27102184?tool=bestpractice.com 这些筛查包括在护士、言语语言病理医师或内科医生的观察下,患者尝试吞咽少量水或冰屑。 无论何时,如果基于存在的危险因素怀疑误吸,应当考虑筛查。 并且,所有急性卒中患者应当接受言语语言病理医师的床旁吞咽评估,主要是因为有吞咽困难的卒中患者中有 43% 至 54% 会出现误吸。 根据这些筛查方法所采用的吞咽困难计划研究可以大幅度降低卒中患者中的肺炎比率。[50]Doggett DL, Tappe KA, Mitchell MD, et al. Prevention of pneumonia in elderly stroke patients by systematic diagnosis and treatment of dysphagia: an evidence-based comprehensive analysis of the literature. Dysphagia. 2001;16:279-295.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11720404?tool=bestpractice.com
床旁吞咽评估
存在任何误吸危险因素的患者应当在喂养之前接受完整的神经系统评估。[51]Marik PE, Kaplan D. Aspiration pneumonia and dysphagia in the elderly. Chest. 2003;124:328-336.http://www.chestjournal.org/content/124/1/328.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12853541?tool=bestpractice.com 这包括评估皮质功能、延髓肌、咽反射和咳嗽反射。 警告误吸风险高的咳嗽患者应当遵循小口饮水的医嘱。 如果患者咳嗽或显示误吸体征,应当指引患者进行详细的吞咽功能评估。[15]Smith Hammond CA, Goldstein LB. Cough and aspiration of food and liquids due to oral-pharyngeal dysphagia: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006;129(suppl 1):S154S-S168S.http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(15)52844-4/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16428705?tool=bestpractice.com 在急性卒中患者中,早期床旁吞咽筛查(在入院 1 天内和任何口服之前)和吞咽困难管理降低吸入性肺炎危险,可能改善成本效益,并且可以确保优质护理,伴以最佳结果。[52]Odderson IR, Keaton JC, McKenna BS. Swallow management in patients on an acute stroke pathway: quality is cost effective. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995;76:1130-1133.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8540789?tool=bestpractice.com 如果存疑或如果疑似隐性误吸,则应当进行影像检查。[53]Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of patients with stroke: identification and management of dysphagia - a national clinical guideline. June 2010. http://www.sign.ac.uk (last accessed 12 January 2017).http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign119.pdf
可弯曲内镜下吞咽评价
软式内镜吞咽功能评估检查 (lexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing, FEES) 可以由言语病理医师在床旁实施进行。使用软式光纤内镜,通过检测声带处的食物或粘稠液体,记录误吸的直接证据。该试验还可评估声带功能。在一项危重外伤患者的研究中,拔管后 24 小时内进行的 FEES 在 45% 的患者中显示误吸,这些患者中几乎一半是隐性误吸者。这些患者在拔管后平均 5 天恢复经口摄食并且无肺部并发症。[30]Leder SB, Cohn SM, Moller BA. Fiberoptic endoscopic documentation of the high incidence of aspiration following extubation in critically ill trauma patients. Dysphagia. 1998;13:208-212.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9716751?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of patients with stroke: identification and management of dysphagia - a national clinical guideline. June 2010. http://www.sign.ac.uk (last accessed 12 January 2017).http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign119.pdf FEES 可避免辐射暴露;然而,改良吞钡造影检查是一种无创检查并且使用更广泛。[54]Australian and New Zealand Society for Geriatric Medicine. Australian and New Zealand Society for Geriatric Medicine. Position statement - dysphagia and aspiration in older people. Australas J Ageing. 2011;30:98-103.http://www.anzsgm.org/posstate.asphttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21672120?tool=bestpractice.com
视频透视吞咽研究和改良钡餐
对于这些试验,患者在透视成像下吞咽钡餐。 观察呼吸道中不透射线的物质通过或停留。[53]Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of patients with stroke: identification and management of dysphagia - a national clinical guideline. June 2010. http://www.sign.ac.uk (last accessed 12 January 2017).http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign119.pdf 在视频透视吞咽研究中,38% 的急性卒中患者有显性误吸并且 67% 的患者有隐性误吸。[55]Daniels SK, Brailey K, Priestly DH, et al. Aspiration in patients with acute stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79:14-19.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9440410?tool=bestpractice.com 在气管切开行正压通气的患者中进行的改良钡餐显示50% 的误吸发生率,并且其中77%是隐性误吸者。[26]Elpern EH, Scott MG, Petro L, et al. Pulmonary aspiration in mechanically ventilated patients with tracheostomies. Chest. 1994;105:563-566.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/data/Journals/CHEST/21689/563.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8306764?tool=bestpractice.com