流行病学研究已证明老龄、家族史、吸烟和既往白内障手术史是AMD的较强危险因素。其他危险因素包括心血管病史、较大的体重指数、高血压以及包括维生素(A、C和E)、Ω-3脂肪酸、叶黄素和锌在内的较少饮食摄入。[14]Chakravarthy U, Wong TY, Fletcher A, et al. Clinical risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Ophthalmol. 2010;10:31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21144031?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Lim LS, Mitchell P, Seddon JM, et al. Age-related macular degeneration. Lancet. 2012;379:1728-1738.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22559899?tool=bestpractice.com一项研究已表明有西方饮食习惯的受试者与有东方饮食习惯的受试者相比,发生AMD的风险更高。[16]Chiu CJ, Chang ML, Zhang FF, et al. The relationship of major American dietary patterns to age-related macular degeneration.Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;158:118-127.e1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24792100?tool=bestpractice.com另一项研究发现摄入红色肉类会增加晚期AMD的风险,而水果则具有保护性作用。[17]Ersoy L, Ristau T, Lechanteur YT, et al. Nutritional risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:413150.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/413150/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25101280?tool=bestpractice.com
近期的遗传学研究发现一系列可能导致AMD的基因多态性。编码其他补体旁路途径的基因(特别是CFH [补体因子H])及其周围的多态性对AMD有很大影响。另外在ARMS2/HTRA1区域存在一个非常重要的易感性位点,另外还有一些遗传学因素近来被认为对AMD也有一些影响。[18]Fritsche LG, Chen W, Schu M, et al; AMD Gene Consortium. Seven new loci associated with age-related macular degeneration. Nat Genet. 2013;45:433-439;439e1-439e2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23455636?tool=bestpractice.com通过分析基因型、临床特征和已知的危险因素,目前可能合理准确地预测进展为晚期 AMD 的可能性。[19]Perlee LT, Bansal AT, Gehrs K, et al. Inclusion of genotype with fundus phenotype improves accuracy of predicting choroidal neovascularization and geographic atrophy. Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:1880-1892.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3695024/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23523162?tool=bestpractice.com
结合补体通路的影响以及对AMD病理的研究,提示炎症性病程与疾病也有关联。[20]Anderson DH, Radeke MJ, Gallo NB, et al. The pivotal role of the complement system in aging and age-related macular degeneration: hypothesis re-visited. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2010;29:95-112.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19961953?tool=bestpractice.com此外,有明确证据提示氧化应激起到重要作用。[21]Jarrett SG, Boulton ME. Consequences of oxidative stress in age-related macular degeneration. Mol Aspects Med. 2012;33:399-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22510306?tool=bestpractice.com