由于吸烟是AMD的一个较强危险因素,推荐避免吸烟。同样地,其他一些已知有助于降低心血管风险的生活方式也能够降低AMD的风险。年龄相关性眼病研究组(Age-Related Eye Disease Study Group, AREDS)研究结果认为饮食摄入抗氧化物质可能能够减少发生AMD的风险。[14]Chakravarthy U, Wong TY, Fletcher A, et al. Clinical risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Ophthalmol. 2010;10:31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21144031?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:1417-1436.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1462955/pdf/nihms9674.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11594942?tool=bestpractice.com定期饮食摄入多不饱和脂肪,特别是从鱼类中摄入,能够降低发病风险。[24]Chua B, Flood V, Rochtchina E, et al. Dietary fatty acids and the 5-year incidence of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124:981-986.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16832021?tool=bestpractice.comAREDS研究的分析提示富含二十二碳六烯酸并且血糖指数较低的饮食能够预防AMD进展,因此推断也能够预防疾病发生。[25]Chiu CJ, Klein R, Milton RC, et al. Does eating particular diets alter the risk of age-related macular degeneration in users of the Age-Related Eye Disease Study supplements? Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93:1241-1246.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19508997?tool=bestpractice.com
国立机构推荐常规进行散瞳眼底检查,以进行疾病的更早期筛查。根据初次筛查的结果,眼科医生可以安排必要的随访检查间隔时间。[26]Prevent Blindness America. How often should I have an eye exam? 2013. http://www.preventblindness.org (last accessed 26 September 2017).http://www.preventblindness.org/how-often-should-i-have-eye-exam[27]American Academy of Ophthalmology. Vision screening recommendations for adults 40 to 60. 2014. http://www.geteyesmart.org (last accessed 26 September 2017).http://www.geteyesmart.org/eyesmart/living/midlife-adults-screening.cfm