年龄相关性眼病研究组(AREDS)分类2(早期AMD)
典型地,患者在疾病进展前视力不受累。
患者5年进展为晚期AMD的风险为1.3%。[23]Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:1417-1436.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1462955/pdf/nihms9674.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11594942?tool=bestpractice.com
对于该类型的疾病目前无有效的治疗方法。
AREDS分类3(中期AMD)
典型地,患者在疾病进展前视力不受累。
患者5年进展为晚期AMD的风险为18%。[23]Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:1417-1436.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1462955/pdf/nihms9674.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11594942?tool=bestpractice.com
在AREDS研究中,使用抗氧化剂能够使疾病进展至晚期的风险降低25%,视力下降≥3行的风险降低19%。
AREDS分类4(晚期AMD)
单眼患病的患者对侧眼有43%的机率在5年内发展为晚期AMD。[23]Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:1417-1436.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1462955/pdf/nihms9674.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11594942?tool=bestpractice.com
地图样萎缩(干性)AMD比渗出性(湿性)AMD引起的视力丧失轻。与之相对,湿性AMD如果不经治疗,则可能在其后数年内,使超过一半的患者出现严重的视力丧失(视角扩大一倍或更差)。[51]Macular Photocoagulation Study Group. Argon laser photocoagulation for neovascular maculopathy. Five-year results from randomized clinical trials. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:1109-1114.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1714270?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Macular Photocoagulation Study Group. Laser photocoagulation for juxtafoveal choroidal neovascularization. Five-year results from randomized clinical trials. Arch Ophthalmol.1994;112:500-509.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7512336?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Macular Photocoagulation Study Group. Laser photocoagulation of subfoveal neovascular lesions in age-related macular degeneration. Results of a randomized clinical trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:1220-1231.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1718250?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Sunness JS, Rubin GS, Applegate CA, et al. Visual function abnormalities and prognosis in eyes with age-related geographic atrophy of the macula and good visual acuity. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:1677-1691.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9331210?tool=bestpractice.com
使用激光光凝治疗中心凹外脉络膜新生血管(CNV)能够显著减少严重视力丧失的概率,但复发较为常见。[79]Macular Photocoagulation Study Group. Laser photocoagulation of subfoveal neovascular lesions in age-related macular degeneration. Results of a randomized clinical trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:1220-1231.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1718250?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Macular Photocoagulation Study Group. Argon laser photocoagulation for neovascular maculopathy. Five-year results from randomized clinical trials. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:1109-1114.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1714270?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Macular Photocoagulation Study Group. Laser photocoagulation for juxtafoveal choroidal neovascularization. Five-year results from randomized clinical trials. Arch Ophthalmol.1994;112:500-509.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7512336?tool=bestpractice.com
使用光动力疗法治疗中心凹下CNV能够减少视力下降的概率,但多数患者仍会出现不同程度的视力下降,其结果较使用玻璃体腔注射抗VEGF(血管内皮生长因子)药物的患者差。因此,该治疗仅推荐用于中心凹外CNV。[44]Bressler NM; Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration with Photodynamic Therapy (TAP) Study Group. Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration with verteporfin: two-year results of 2 randomized clinical trials-TAP report 2. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:198-207.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11176980?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Verteporfin In Photodynamic Therapy Study Group. Verteporfin therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration: two-year results of a randomized clinical trial including lesions with occult with no classic choroidal neovascularization - verteporfin in photodynamic therapy report 2. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;131:541-560.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11336929?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Barbazetto I, Burdan A, Bressler NM, et al. Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization with verteporfin: fluorescein angiographic guidelines for evaluation and treatment - TAP and VIP report No. 2. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121:1253-1268.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12963608?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Blinder KJ, Bradley S, Bressler NM, et al. Effect of lesion size, visual acuity, and lesion composition on visual acuity change with and without verteporfin therapy for choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration: TAP and VIP report no. 1. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136:407-418.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12967792?tool=bestpractice.com
通过比较,使用雷珠单抗玻璃体腔注射治疗中心凹下CNV能够使近95%的患者视力稳定,约三分之一患者视力提高。[81]Brown DM, Kaiser PK, Michels M, et al; ANCHOR Study Group. Ranibizumab versus verteporfin for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1432-1444.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa062655#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17021319?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Rosenfeld PJ, Brown DM, Heier JS, et al. Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1419-1431.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17021318?tool=bestpractice.com贝伐珠单抗的疗效与雷珠单抗类似。[36]Martin DF, Maguire MG, Fine SL, et al. Ranibizumab and bevacizumab for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: two-year results. Ophthalmology. 2012;119:1388-1398.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22555112?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Chakravarthy U, Harding SP, Rogers CA, et al. Ranibizumab versus bevacizumab to treat neovascular age-related macular degeneration: one-year findings from the IVAN randomized trial. Ophthalmology. 2012;119:1399-1411.阿柏西普总体上疗效类似,所需治疗频率更低。[32]Heier JS, Boyer D, Nguyen QD, et al. The 1-year results of CLEAR-IT 2, a phase 2 study of vascular endothelial growth factor trap-eye dosed as-needed after 12-week fixed dosing. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:1700.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21640258?tool=bestpractice.com由于相比起来疗效较差,玻璃体腔注射哌加他尼目前被认为是二线治疗方案。[83]Gragoudas ES, Adamis AP, Cunningham ET Jr., et al. Pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2805-2816.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15625332t?tool=bestpractice.com