全球约有 1,820 万女性感染 HIV,占全部 HIV 成人感染者的一半。[2]UNAIDS. UNAIDS data 2018. July 2018 [internet publication].http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2018/unaids-data-2018 在全球范围内,HIV/AIDS 目前是育龄期女性的主要死亡原因。[3]UN Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS. The gap report. 2014 [internet publication].http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2014/UNAIDS_Gap_report_en.pdf 虽然在中欧和西欧以及美国,女性感染者仅占 HIV 病例的 19% 至 22%,[3]UN Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS. The gap report. 2014 [internet publication].http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2014/UNAIDS_Gap_report_en.pdf[4]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV among women. July 2018 [internet publication].http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/women/index.html 但是撒哈拉以南非洲地区,育龄期女性感染 HIV 的比例非常高(该地区 58% 的成年 HIV 感染者是女性)。约 80% 感染 HIV 的妊娠女性接受抗逆转录病毒治疗 (ART) 以预防母婴传播。[2]UNAIDS. UNAIDS data 2018. July 2018 [internet publication].http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2018/unaids-data-2018
每年约有 140 万 HIV 感染者妊娠。若未经治疗,HIV 的母婴传播 (MTCT) 风险介于 15%-45%,但是若采取综合预防措施(包括母体给予抗逆转录病毒治疗 [ART] ,以及对新生儿进行预防性处理),则可将风险降低至约 1%-2%。[5]UN Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS. WHO validates elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis in Cuba. June 2015 [internet publication].http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2015/june/20150630_cuba[6]The Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission, US Department of Health and Human Services. Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women with HIV infection and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. December 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/3/perinatal/0 在国际上,WHO 正在努力将母婴传播率降低至 5% 以下,并且以消除围产期 HIV 传播为最终目标。加强妊娠期 ART的采用可显著减少母婴传播并改善母体结局。
据美国疾病控制与预防中心 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC) 估计,自 20 世纪 90 年代中期以来,美国母婴传播病例减少了 90% 以上。在美国,每年有 8500 名感染 HIV 的女性分娩。1994 年至 2010 年期间,估计有 21,956 例围产期传播被阻断。2016 年,有 99 名 13 岁以下的儿童被诊断为围产期 HIV 感染。[7]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV among pregnant women, infants, and children. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/pregnantwomen/
尽管女性 HIV 感染者的健康状况随着 ART 的广泛使用得以改善,但其孕期和产后并发症发生率一直较高,包括剖宫产率增加,未足月胎膜早破、子痫前期、自发性早产、子宫内膜炎和重症监护病房入住的发生率增加。[8]Louis J, Landon MB, Gersnoviez RJ, et al. Perioperative morbidity and mortality among human immunodeficiency virus infected women undergoing cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Aug;110(2 Pt 1):385-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17666615?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Haeri S, Shauer M, Dale M, et al. Obstetric and newborn infant outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women who receive highly active antiretroviral therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Sep;201(3):315.e1-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19733286?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Suy A, Martínez E, Coll O, et al. Increased risk of pre-eclampsia and fetal death in HIV-infected pregnant women receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2006 Jan 2;20(1):59-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16327320?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Parikh L, Timofeev J, Singh J, et al. Racial disparities in maternal and neonatal outcomes in HIV-1 positive mothers. Am J Perinatol. 2014 Jun;31(6):513-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24000110?tool=bestpractice.com 剖宫产后并发症虽已在美国大幅减少,从 1995 年至 1996 年的 210.6/1000 降到了 2010 年至 2011 年的 116.6/1000;然而,感染率、手术创伤、住院死亡和住院时间延长率仍然显著超过未感染 HIV 的女性。[12]Kourtis AP, Ellington S, Pazol K, et al. Complications of cesarean deliveries among HIV-infected women in the United States. AIDS. 2014 Nov 13;28(17):2609-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4509679/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25574961?tool=bestpractice.com 一项回顾性队列研究显示,女性 HIV 感染者所产新生儿的并发症发生风险增加,例如,新生儿低出生体重和短暂性呼吸急促。[9]Haeri S, Shauer M, Dale M, et al. Obstetric and newborn infant outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women who receive highly active antiretroviral therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Sep;201(3):315.e1-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19733286?tool=bestpractice.com