在妊娠期感染 HIV 后的疾病状况,与非妊娠期感染的 HIV 预后并没有显著差异。但是,与 HIV 阴性的相应群体相比,并发 HIV 感染的妊娠变得更为复杂。女性 HIV 感染者的分娩和产后并发症发生率持续升高,例如剖宫产、未足月胎膜早破、子痫前期和自发性早产、子宫内膜炎以及入住重症监护病房。[8]Louis J, Landon MB, Gersnoviez RJ, et al. Perioperative morbidity and mortality among human immunodeficiency virus infected women undergoing cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Aug;110(2 Pt 1):385-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17666615?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Haeri S, Shauer M, Dale M, et al. Obstetric and newborn infant outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women who receive highly active antiretroviral therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Sep;201(3):315.e1-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19733286?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Suy A, Martínez E, Coll O, et al. Increased risk of pre-eclampsia and fetal death in HIV-infected pregnant women receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2006 Jan 2;20(1):59-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16327320?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Parikh L, Timofeev J, Singh J, et al. Racial disparities in maternal and neonatal outcomes in HIV-1 positive mothers. Am J Perinatol. 2014 Jun;31(6):513-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24000110?tool=bestpractice.com 剖宫产后并发症虽已在美国大幅减少,从 1995 年至 1996 年的 210.6/1000 降到了 2010 年至 2011 年的 116.6/1000;然而,感染率、手术创伤、住院死亡和住院时间延长率仍然显著超过未感染 HIV 的女性。[12]Kourtis AP, Ellington S, Pazol K, et al. Complications of cesarean deliveries among HIV-infected women in the United States. AIDS. 2014 Nov 13;28(17):2609-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4509679/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25574961?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,回顾性数据显示,女性 HIV 感染者生育的新生儿发生并发症的风险增加,例如,低出生体重和新生儿短暂性呼吸急促。[9]Haeri S, Shauer M, Dale M, et al. Obstetric and newborn infant outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women who receive highly active antiretroviral therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Sep;201(3):315.e1-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19733286?tool=bestpractice.com
由于分娩后机体恢复、照看新生儿的压力和需求,以及产后抑郁风险等原因,女性 HIV 感染者在产后尤其容易出现抗逆转录病毒治疗依从性方面的问题。这个问题理应得到关注和支持。在美国和欧洲,围产期 HIV 传播的风险已降至不到 2% 或更低。[6]The Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission, US Department of Health and Human Services. Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women with HIV infection and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. December 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/3/perinatal/0