优化母体 HIV 感染的管理可改善母体健康,并且有助于预防母婴传播 (MTCT)。所有感染 HIV 的孕妇都应接受抗逆转录病毒治疗 (ART) 以预防围产期传播。ART 通过降低血液和生殖器分泌物中的母体病毒载量,以及进行婴儿暴露前预防,来减少围产期传播。无论 CD4 计数或病毒载量如何,都应在孕期内尽早开始 ART,并且应在产前、产时和产后均给予治疗,在出生后,还应对新生儿进行 ART。强烈建议在妊娠早期进行传染病咨询。
孕妇的抗逆转录病毒治疗
如果 ART 治疗有效且耐受性良好,那么正在接受该治疗的 HIV 感染女性应在妊帪期间继续接受 ART。停止 ART 可能导致病毒反弹,并增加宫内 HIV 传播的风险。然而,在妊娠期不建议使用某些抗逆转录病毒药物,一些较新的 ART 方案缺乏妊娠期用药的足够经验,并且/或者由于在妊娠中期和晚期血浆浓度下降,可能还需要增加额外的剂量或进行治疗药物水平监测。应考虑更改为推荐在妊娠期应用的药物治疗方案(见下文);但这仅可在专科医师指导下进行,以确保持续的病毒抑制和耐受性。在转换有效药物之前,建议进行耐药性检测。[6]The Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission, US Department of Health and Human Services. Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women with HIV infection and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. December 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/3/perinatal/0
当前未接受 ART 治疗的女性应在孕期诊断为 HIV 后,立即开始使用适合的方案治疗,因为越早进行病毒抑制,传播风险越低。对于 HIV RNA 水平 > 500 拷贝/mL 的女性,应进行耐药性检测,以帮助指导选择药物。[6]The Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission, US Department of Health and Human Services. Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women with HIV infection and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. December 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/3/perinatal/0
对于在妊娠早期接受孕期保健的女性,应向其告知孕期进行 ART 的风险(例如潜在的致畸作用、母体不良反应、早产风险增加)和获益(例如改善母体健康、降低母婴传播风险)。除了阿扎那韦与皮肤和肌肉骨骼缺陷相关之外,并未发现妊娠早期暴露于 ART 者,先天性畸形风险显著增加(根据美国抗逆转录病毒药物妊娠用药登记处的前瞻性报告予以确定)。[76]Williams PL, Crain MJ, Yildirim C, et al. Congenital anomalies and in utero antiretroviral exposure in human immunodeficiency virus-exposed uninfected infants. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Jan;169(1):48-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4286442/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25383770?tool=bestpractice.com 一项针对孕早期依非韦仑暴露相关数据的荟萃分析并未发现出生缺陷风险增加的证据。[77]Ford N, Calmy A, Mofenson L. Safety of efavirenz in the first trimester of pregnancy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2011 Nov 28;25(18):2301-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21918421?tool=bestpractice.com 此前,仅推荐依非韦仑用于妊娠 8 周后;然而,现在它也在妊娠早期广泛使用,目前的指南也支持这一点。[6]The Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission, US Department of Health and Human Services. Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women with HIV infection and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. December 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/3/perinatal/0 有关基于蛋白酶抑制剂与非基于蛋白酶抑制剂的 ART 是否导致早产和低出生体重风险增加,目前的数据结论不一。鉴于妊娠期接受 ART 对母体健康和预防母婴传播 (MTCT) 具有明显获益,因此不应中断 ART。然而,应该向患者告知相关潜在风险。[78]Townsend CL, Cortina-Borja M, Peckham CS, et al. Antiretroviral therapy and premature delivery in diagnosed HIV-infected women in the United Kingdom and Ireland. AIDS. 2007 May 11;21(8):1019-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17457096?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Schulte J, Dominguez K, Sukalac T, et al. Declines in low birth weight and preterm birth among infants who were born to HIV-infected women during an era of increased use of maternal antiretroviral drugs: pediatric spectrum of HIV disease, 1989-2004. Pediatrics. 2007 Apr;119(4):e900-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17353299?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Ravizza M, Martinelli P, Bucceri A, et al. Treatment with protease inhibitors and coinfection with hepatitis C virus are independent predictors of preterm delivery in HIV-infected pregnant women. J Infect Dis. 2007 Mar 15;195(6):913-4.http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/195/6/913.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17299723?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Grosch-Woerner I, Puch K, Maier RF, et al. Increased rate of prematurity associated with antenatal antiretroviral therapy in a German/Austrian cohort of HIV-1-infected women. HIV Med. 2008 Jan;9(1):6-13.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00520.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18199167?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Kourtis AP, Schmid CH, Jamieson DJ, et al. Use of antiretroviral therapy in pregnant HIV-infected women and the risk of premature delivery: a meta-analysis. AIDS.2007 Mar 12;21(5):607-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17314523?tool=bestpractice.com[83]European Collaborative Study, Swiss Mother and Child HIV Cohort Study. Combination antiretroviral therapy and duration of pregnancy. AIDS. 2000 Dec 22;14(18):2913-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11398741?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Lorenzi P, Spicher VM, Laubreau B, et al. Antiretroviral therapies in pregnancy: maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects. Swiss HIV Cohort Study, the Swiss Collaborative HIV and Pregnancy Study, the Swiss Neonatal HIV Study. AIDS. 1998 Dec 24;12(18):F241-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9875571?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Szyld EG, Warley EM, Freimanis L, et al. Maternal antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy and infant low birth weight and preterm birth. AIDS. 2006 Nov 28;20(18):2345-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17117021?tool=bestpractice.com
妊帪期间所有 ART 暴露都应向抗逆转录病毒药物妊娠用药登记处报告。Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry
产前抗逆转录病毒治疗
建议采用至少包含 3 种药物的方案。方案复杂,建议请传染病专科医生会诊。美国国立卫生研究院 (National Institutes of Health) 指南建议:[6]The Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission, US Department of Health and Human Services. Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women with HIV infection and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. December 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/3/perinatal/0
一般而言,妊娠女性的治疗方案应当采用推荐用于非妊娠成人的方案,除非已知该方案对妊娠女性、胎儿或婴儿的不良反应大于获益。
为妊娠女性选择方案时,必须考虑多种因素,包括共病、方便性、不良反应、药物相互作用、耐药性检测结果、药代动力学以及妊娠期使用的经验
妊娠期的药代动力学变化可导致药物的血浆水平降低,使得需要增加剂量、更频繁地给药或给予增强药物,特别是蛋白酶抑制剂。
对于未接受过抗逆转录病毒治疗且无耐药性的女性患者,首选包含以下药物的联合方案:2 种核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂 (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, NRTI) 联合低剂量利托那韦促进型蛋白酶抑制剂 (PI) 或一种整合酶链转移抑制剂 (integrase strand transfer inhibitor, INSTI)。非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂 (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, NNRTI) 可作为 PI 或整合酶链转移抑制剂的替代选择。推荐用于孕妇的 ART 选择包括:[6]The Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission, US Department of Health and Human Services. Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women with HIV infection and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. December 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/3/perinatal/0
NRTI
蛋白酶抑制剂 (PI)
整合酶链转移抑制剂 (INSTI)
NNRTI
对于被诊断为急性 HIV 感染的女性,推荐在妊娠早期使用促进型蛋白酶抑制剂治疗方案,而在妊娠中期和晚期,推荐使用基于多替拉韦的治疗方案。
此处推荐的方案来源于美国卫生和人类服务部 (Department of Health and Human Services)。[6]The Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission, US Department of Health and Human Services. Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women with HIV infection and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. December 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/3/perinatal/0 国家和地区之间的指南和治疗方案可能不同。应咨询当地的传染病科主任医师、HIV 执业医师或产科医师/妇科医师,并将患者转诊给他们进行进一步管理。
由于妊娠期用药的数据不足,无法常规推荐将丙酚替诺福韦用于初治孕妇的初始治疗方案中,该药是替诺福韦的一种前体药物,肾毒性较小,对骨矿物质密度的影响也较小。不推荐将基于考比司他的治疗方案用于孕妇,因为在妊娠中期和晚期,其药代动力学发生改变,使得药物暴露水平下降,从而导致病毒学失败。不推荐将新一代的药物(例如 bictegravir、doravirine 和 ibalizumab)用于孕妇,因为支持其在妊娠期使用安全性的数据不足。不推荐将其他一些药物(例如进入和融合抑制剂)用于孕妇初始治疗方案的一部分。
对一项进行中的监测研究进行事先未计划的分析,该分析的报告指出,妇女在接受以多替拉韦为基础的治疗方案期间妊娠,其胎儿发生严重神经管缺陷的风险升高,为 0.9%(在未服用多替拉韦的女性中该风险为 0.1%)。在开始妊娠时或妊娠早期服用该药的女性中,风险似乎最高。在妊娠后期开始服用多替拉韦的女性所娩婴儿中,无此类病例的报告。 [86]Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA to evaluate potential risk of neural tube birth defects with HIV medicine dolutegravir (Juluca, Tivicay, Triumeq). May 2018 [internet publication].https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm608112.htm[87]European Medicines Agency. New study suggests risk of birth defects in babies born to women on HIV medicine dolutegravir. May 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2018/05/news_detail_002956.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1 目前还不清楚这究竟是一个特定药物的效应还是与所有 INSTI 都相关的效应。
美国卫生和人类服务部 (Department of Health and Human Services) 针对多替拉韦在 HIV 感染孕妇或育龄期女性中的使用提出了以下临时推荐(随着新可用证据的出现,将进行修订):[6]The Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission, US Department of Health and Human Services. Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women with HIV infection and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. December 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/3/perinatal/0
不推荐将多替拉韦用于妊娠早期(依据末次月经时间推测的孕龄<14 周)的孕妇;然而在妊娠早期之后,该药为首选的整合酶链转移抑制剂 (INSTI)。不推荐将其用于以下女性:尝试妊娠的非孕妇,计划妊娠的女性,或者不能始终采用有效避孕措施的女性。
在开始使用多替拉韦前,应进行妊娠试验。
正在服用多替拉韦或者期望开始服用该药的育龄期女性应咨询关于神经管缺陷的风险。在妊娠早期就诊且正在服用多替拉韦的孕妇应咨询关于继续使用该药或者转为另一种方案的风险和获益。
正在服用多替拉韦的孕妇应在分娩后采取避孕措施。
来自BMJ 快速建议制定专家组,以患者为中心的指南证据不支持使用恩曲他滨/替诺福韦作为孕妇的一线治疗药物。该专家组建议采用包含拉米夫定/齐多夫定而非恩曲他滨/替诺福韦的方案,因为后者可能增加婴儿死亡和早产的风险;但是,这项建议的证据很薄弱。恩曲他滨/替诺福韦可能是某些女性的首选方案,包括存在严重贫血、对拉米夫定/齐多夫定药物过敏、拉米夫定或齐多夫定耐药型 HIV 或乙型肝炎合并感染的女性。有力的证据表明,在与洛匹那韦/利托那韦结合使用时,拉米夫定/齐多夫定比恩曲他滨/替诺福韦更好,因为后者可能造成更大的新生儿风险。然而,值得注意的是:目前的美国指南和英国艾滋病协会不支持这些建议,最新的美国指南(2018 年 5 月更新)仍然建议将恩曲他滨/替诺福韦作为首选推荐,而拉米夫定/齐多夫定作为替代选择。[6]The Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission, US Department of Health and Human Services. Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women with HIV infection and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. December 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/3/perinatal/0
BMJ Rapid Recommendations: antiretroviral therapy in pregnant women living with HIV
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: BMJ 快速建议:对 HIV 感染孕妇的抗逆转录病毒治疗(TDF:替诺福韦;FTC:恩曲他滨;AZT:齐多夫定;3TC:拉米夫定;ABC:阿巴卡韦;LPV/r:洛匹那韦 [利托那韦增强型];ATZ/r:阿扎那韦 [利托那韦增强型];DRV/r:达芦那韦 [利托那韦增强型];EFV:依非韦伦;RPV:利匹韦林;RAL:拉替拉韦)BMJ. 2017;358:j3961 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: BMJ 快速建议:对 HIV 感染孕妇的抗逆转录病毒治疗(TDF:替诺福韦;FTC:恩曲他滨;AZT:齐多夫定;3TC:拉米夫定;ABC:阿巴卡韦;LPV/r:洛匹那韦 [利托那韦增强型];ATZ/r:阿扎那韦 [利托那韦增强型];DRV/r:达芦那韦 [利托那韦增强型];EFV:依非韦伦;RPV:利匹韦林;RAL:拉替拉韦)BMJ. 2017;358:j3961 [Citation ends].
MAGICapp: recommendations, evidence summaries and consultation decision aids
最近一项使用两项美国队列研究数据的调查发现,恩曲他滨/替诺福韦+洛匹那韦/利托那韦相关的不良分娩结局(包括早产和低出生体重)的风险并未高于拉米夫定/齐多夫定+洛匹那韦/利托那韦。[88]Rough K, Seage GR 3rd, Williams PL, et al. Birth outcomes for pregnant women with HIV using tenofovir-emtricitabine. N Engl J Med. 2018 Apr 26;378(17):1593-603.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29694825?tool=bestpractice.com
女性应尽可能按计划在产程中和分娩前继续接受产前 ART。
应向专科医生咨询特殊人群的管理,这些人群包括有乙型肝炎或丙型肝炎合并感染、肾脏或肝脏受损、围产期感染或 HIV-2 感染的孕妇。
择期剖宫产
为了降低围产期传播风险,对于 HIV RNA 水平 > 1000 拷贝/mL 或邻近分娩时病毒载量未知的女性,建议在妊娠 38 周时行择期剖宫产(对于大多数其他适应征而言为39孕周)。[6]The Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission, US Department of Health and Human Services. Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women with HIV infection and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. December 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/3/perinatal/0 如果病毒未受抑制的患者在择期剖宫产拟定日期前因临产而就诊,应进行急诊剖宫产。然而,关于剖宫产预防母婴传播 (MTCT) 的获益在进入产程或胎膜破裂后多长时间消退,尚没有足够的数据来解答该问题。建议向围产期 HIV 专科医生紧急咨询。
对于 HIV RNA 水平≤1000 拷贝/mL 且接受 ART 的女性,不建议常规进行择期剖宫产,因为这些患者的围产期传播率较低。关于对这些患者的获益,以及是否增加感染、手术创伤、院内死亡和住院时间延长的风险,已知证据有限或没有已知证据。[6]The Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission, US Department of Health and Human Services. Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women with HIV infection and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. December 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/3/perinatal/0[12]Kourtis AP, Ellington S, Pazol K, et al. Complications of cesarean deliveries among HIV-infected women in the United States. AIDS. 2014 Nov 13;28(17):2609-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4509679/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25574961?tool=bestpractice.com[89]ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG committee opinion: scheduled cesarean delivery and the prevention of vertical transmission of HIV infection. Number 234, May 2000 (replaces number 219, August 1999). Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2001 Jun;73(3):279-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11424912?tool=bestpractice.com 如果需对这些患者进行择期剖宫产或引产,则应根据产科适应征,选择标准时机进行。
产时抗逆转录病毒治疗
对于 HIV RNA > 1000 拷贝/mL 或邻近分娩时病毒载量未知的女性,建议静脉给予齐多夫定(在预定分娩前 3 小时开始)。对于正在接受 ART 且妊娠晚期和邻近分娩时 RNA ≤ 50 拷贝/mL 的女性,如果不存在对 ART 依从性的担忧,则无需采取该方案。对于 HIV RNA 在 50-999 拷贝/mL 之间的女性,可考虑静脉给予齐多夫定;然而,没有足够的数据来确定这是否能为防止该群体围产期传播提供额外的保护。[6]The Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission, US Department of Health and Human Services. Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women with HIV infection and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. December 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/3/perinatal/0 女性应在分娩后继续接受 ART。
产后抗逆转录病毒治疗
所有围产期暴露于 HIV 的婴儿都应接受产后 ART,以降低围产期传播的风险。ART 应从尽可能接近分娩的时间开始,最好在 6 至 12 小时内。
在妊娠期间接受 ART 且在邻近分娩时已获得持续病毒抑制的母体,婴儿应接受为期 4 周的齐多夫定治疗,其发生围产期 HIV 传播风险较低。[6]The Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission, US Department of Health and Human Services. Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women with HIV infection and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. December 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/3/perinatal/0
对于围生期传播风险较高的婴儿(例如,母亲分娩前和/或分娩时未接受 ART;母亲在分娩前接受 ART,但是在临产时未达到病毒抑制;母亲在妊娠期或哺乳期发生初始或急性 HIV 感染),应给予联合 ART 治疗,即以下两者之一:[6]The Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission, US Department of Health and Human Services. Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women with HIV infection and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. December 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/3/perinatal/0
为拟诊或确诊 HIV 感染的新生儿选择 ART 不在本专题讨论范围内。
母乳喂养
母乳喂养有将 HIV 传染给婴儿的风险,因此不建议母乳喂养。该建议可能不适用于某些国家,特别是低收入和中等收入国家,这些国家获取配方奶的成本有限、无法获得安全用水或者配方奶的数量不足。但是,建议尽可能采用人工喂养。对于无视风险选择母乳喂养的女性,建议采取减少危害的措施(例如:母乳喂养期间,婴儿接受 ART 进行预防、最初 6 个月纯母乳喂养、逐渐断奶、及时治疗母体乳腺炎和婴儿鹅口疮、婴儿监测)。[6]The Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission, US Department of Health and Human Services. Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women with HIV infection and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. December 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/3/perinatal/0