母体高病毒载量与围产期 HIV 传播风险增加相关。分娩时的 HIV RNA 水平较高与传播风险独立相关。[19]Cooper ER, Charurat M, Mofenson L, et al; Women and Infants' Transmission Study Group. Combination antiretroviral strategies for the treatment of pregnant HIV-1-infected women and prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002 Apr 15;29(5):484-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11981365?tool=bestpractice.com 产前未接受抗逆转录病毒治疗 (ART) 与围产期 HIV 传播风险增加相关。产前母体接受 ART 与传播风险降低呈独立相关。[19]Cooper ER, Charurat M, Mofenson L, et al; Women and Infants' Transmission Study Group. Combination antiretroviral strategies for the treatment of pregnant HIV-1-infected women and prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002 Apr 15;29(5):484-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11981365?tool=bestpractice.com
母乳含有高水平的 HIV 病毒,[1]Van de Perre P, Simonon A, Msellati P, et al. Postnatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from mother to infant. A prospective cohort study in Kigali, Rwanda. N Engl J Med. 1991 Aug 29;325(9):593-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1812850?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Tersmette M, Gruters RA, de Wolf F, et al. Evidence for a role of virulent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) variants in the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: studies on sequential HIV isolates. J Virol. 1989 May;63(5):2118-25.http://jvi.asm.org/content/63/5/2118.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2564898?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Schwartz S, Felber BK, Fenyo EM, et al. Rapidly and slowly replicating human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates can be distinguished according to target-cell tropism in T-cell and monocyte cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Sep;86(18):7200-3.http://www.pnas.org/content/86/18/7200.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2789383?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Fenyo EM, Albert J, Asjo B. Replicative capacity, cytopathic effect and cell tropism of HIV. AIDS. 1989;3 (suppl 1):S5-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2514754?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Shapiro RL, Hughes MD, Ogwu A, et al. Antiretroviral regimens in pregnancy and breast-feeding in Botswana. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jun 17;362(24):2282-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20554983?tool=bestpractice.com 并且传播可发生于哺乳期的任一时间点。高母体病毒载量(血浆和母乳中)、母乳免疫学因素、母体乳房病变(例如乳腺炎、乳头皲裂或出血、脓肿)和母体低 CD4 计数与通过母乳喂养传播的风险增加相关。念珠菌病等婴儿胃肠道疾病可破坏黏膜完整性,并促进病毒传播。[36]Fowler MG, Newell ML. Breast-feeding and HIV-1 transmission in resource-limited settings. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002 Jun 1;30(2):230-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12045686?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Leroy V, Karon JM, Alioum A, et al; West Africa PMTCT Study Group. Twenty-four month efficacy of a maternal short-course zidovudine regimen to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in West Africa. AIDS. 2002 Mar 8;16(4):631-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11873008?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Wiktor SZ, Ekpini E, Karon JM, et al. Short-course oral zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999 Mar 6;353(9155):781-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10459958?tool=bestpractice.com[39]John-Stewart G, Mbori-Ngacha D, Ekpini R, et al; Ghent IAS Working Group on HIV in Women and Children. Breast-feeding and transmission of HIV-1. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004 Feb 1;35(2):196-202.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14722454?tool=bestpractice.com[40]World Health Organization. Updates on HIV and infant feeding: guideline. 2016 [internet publication].http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/hiv-infant-feeding-2016/en/