免疫抑制(药物诱导,如器官移植受者服用抗排斥药物,皮质类固醇或治疗自身免疫病的免疫调制剂,或免疫缺陷例,如 HIV 感染)可导致潜伏性感染再激活或症状性初次感染。
当 CD4+ T 淋巴细胞计数降至 200 个细胞/μL 以下时,HIV 感染者患症状性疾病的风险将增加。CD4 细胞计数<50 个细胞/μL 的患者感染风险最高。[22]Department of Health and Human Services Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf (last accessed 1 July 2016)https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adultandadolescentgl.pdf对于被诊断为艾滋病的血清阳性患者,在无药物预防的情况下,其发展为症状性感染的风险为 13% 到 47%。[23]Zufferey J, Sugar A, Rudaz P, et al. Prevalence of latent toxoplasmosis and serologic diagnosis of active infection in HIV-positive patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1993;12:591-595.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7901015?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Zangerle R, Allerberger F, Pohl P, et al. High risk of developing toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS patients seropositive to Toxoplasma gondii. Med Microbiol Immunol. 1991;180:59-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1881367?tool=bestpractice.com
在移植受者中,患病风险较大的是心脏移殖受者以及正在接受移植物抗宿主病治疗的异基因骨髓移植受者。[25]Parasitic infections. Am J Transplant. 2004;4(suppl 10):142-155.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-6135.2004.00677.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15504227?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Tomblyn M, Chiller T, Einsele H, et al. Guidelines for preventing infectious complications among hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients: a global perspective. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2009;15:1143-1238.http://www.bbmt.org/article/S1083-8791(09)00300-0/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19747629?tool=bestpractice.com