HIV 感染患者
应对所有 HIV 感染患者进行弓形虫 IgG 抗体检查以确定其是否有既往暴露。如果患者以前血清反应为阴性,且无法服用甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑来预防耶氏肺孢子虫,则应在其 CD4+ T 淋巴细胞计数接近 100 个/μL时复查血清。[37]Aberg JA, Gallant JE, Ghanem KG, et al. Primary care guidelines for the management of persons infected with HIV: 2013 update by the HIV medicine association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:e1-e34.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/58/1/e1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24235263?tool=bestpractice.com
对于有 HIV 感染,且CD4+ T淋巴计数<100 个/μL,同时检测到弓形虫 IgG 抗体的患者,其潜伏性感染再激活的风险高,应接受预防治疗。[22]Department of Health and Human Services Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf (last accessed 1 July 2016)https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adultandadolescentgl.pdf
抗逆转录病毒治疗 (ART) 投入使用之前,弓形虫血清反应阳性且处于严重免疫抑制、但未接受化学药物预防的患者,其症状性疾病的发病率为 12% 到 47%。[23]Zufferey J, Sugar A, Rudaz P, et al. Prevalence of latent toxoplasmosis and serologic diagnosis of active infection in HIV-positive patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1993;12:591-595.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7901015?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Zangerle R, Allerberger F, Pohl P, et al. High risk of developing toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS patients seropositive to Toxoplasma gondii. Med Microbiol Immunol. 1991;180:59-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1881367?tool=bestpractice.com自从 ART 投入使用且开始应用预防方案后,发病率和相关死亡率大幅度下降。
移植受者
在器官移植受者中,弓形虫病最常见于心脏受者。因此,应在移植前对所有心脏捐赠者的血清状况进行检测。[25]Parasitic infections. Am J Transplant. 2004;4(suppl 10):142-155.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-6135.2004.00677.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15504227?tool=bestpractice.com检测到弓形虫 IgG抗体的心脏移植患者或接受血清学反应阳性捐赠者的心脏移植受者,应接受预防治疗。
通常不对非心源性捐赠者进行常规弓形虫筛查。[25]Parasitic infections. Am J Transplant. 2004;4(suppl 10):142-155.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-6135.2004.00677.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15504227?tool=bestpractice.com
所有同种异体造血干细胞移植受者均应在基线时接受弓形虫 IgG 抗体检测。血清学反应阳性、有活动性移植物抗宿主病 (GVHD) 或有弓形体性脉络膜视网膜炎病史的受者应接受预防治疗。[26]Tomblyn M, Chiller T, Einsele H, et al. Guidelines for preventing infectious complications among hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients: a global perspective. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2009;15:1143-1238.http://www.bbmt.org/article/S1083-8791(09)00300-0/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19747629?tool=bestpractice.com
对于播散性疾病风险较高的患者(如:心脏或同种异体造血干细胞移植受者),应考虑进行定期 PCR 检查。尽管无症状且 PCR 阳性的患者的最佳治疗方案尚未达成一致(如:甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑与治疗剂量乙嘧啶加磺胺嘧啶相比),但与不进行 PCR 筛查的医院相比,进行PCR筛查的医院患者的存活率较高。[36]Robert-Gangneux F, Sterkers Y, Yera H, et al. Molecular diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients: a 3-year multicenter retrospective study. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53:1677-1684.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25762774?tool=bestpractice.com
妊娠女性和新生儿
由于对妊娠女性进行常规弓形虫病筛查的风险可能大于其潜在的利益,因此在英国不推荐进行筛查。[38]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal care: routine care for the healthy pregnant woman. March 2008. http://guidance.nice.org.uk (last accessed 22 June 2016).http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG62美国妇产科医师协会不建议对育龄期女性或妊娠女性进行全面筛查,除非感染HIV。[39]ACOG practice bulletin. Perinatal viral and parasitic infections. Number 20, September 2000. (Replaces educational bulletin number 177, February 1993). American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002;76:95-107.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11905409?tool=bestpractice.com在一些弓形虫血清学阳性率较高的国家/地区(如法国),会对育龄期女性和妊娠女性进行此常规筛查。
在美国的某些州(马萨诸塞州和新罕布什尔),会对新生儿行常规的弓形虫 IgM 抗体筛查。[40]Guerina NG, Hsu HW, Meissner HC, et al. Neonatal serologic screening and early treatment for congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1858-1863.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7818637?tool=bestpractice.com