22% 到 88% 的肝硬化患者有痛性痉挛。[21]Marotta PJ, Graziadei IW, Ghent CN. Muscle cramps: a 'complication' of cirrhosis. Can J Gastroenterol. 2000;14(suppl D):21D-25D.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11110608?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Konikoff F, Theodor E. Painful muscle cramps. A symptom of liver cirrhosis? J Clin Gastroenterol. 1986;8:669-672.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3805668?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Kobayashi Y, Kawasaki T, Yoshimi T, et al. Muscle cramps in chronic liver diseases and treatment with antispastic agent (eperisone hydrochloride). Dig Dis Sci. 1992;37:1145-1146.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1618065?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Angeli P, Albino G, Carraro P, et al. Cirrhosis and muscle cramps: evidence of a causal relationship. Hepatology. 1996;23:264-273.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.510230211/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8591851?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Abrams GA, Concato J, Fallon MB. Muscle cramps in patients with cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91:1363-1366.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8677996?tool=bestpractice.com
其中,12% 到 42% 的患者为临床相关痛性痉挛(至少每周发作一次,影响患者生活质量,并需要镇痛)。[22]Konikoff F, Theodor E. Painful muscle cramps. A symptom of liver cirrhosis? J Clin Gastroenterol. 1986;8:669-672.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3805668?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Kobayashi Y, Kawasaki T, Yoshimi T, et al. Muscle cramps in chronic liver diseases and treatment with antispastic agent (eperisone hydrochloride). Dig Dis Sci. 1992;37:1145-1146.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1618065?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Angeli P, Albino G, Carraro P, et al. Cirrhosis and muscle cramps: evidence of a causal relationship. Hepatology. 1996;23:264-273.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.510230211/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8591851?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Abrams GA, Concato J, Fallon MB. Muscle cramps in patients with cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91:1363-1366.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8677996?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Baskol M, Ozbakir O, Coskun R, et al. The role of serum zinc and other factors on the prevalence of muscle cramps in non-alcoholic cirrhotic patients. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38:524-529.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15220689?tool=bestpractice.com 痛性痉挛是肝硬化患者生活质量不佳的一个主要原因。[43]Marchesini G, Bianchi G, Amodio P, et al. Factors associated with poor health-related quality of life of patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:170-178.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11208726?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Kim SH, Oh EG, Lee WH. Symptom experience, psychological distress, and quality of life in Korean patients with liver cirrhosis: a cross-sectional survey. Int J Nurs Stud. 2006;43:1047-1056.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16952363?tool=bestpractice.com
肝硬化患者的痛性痉挛患病率高于非硬化性肝病患者。肝病或充血性心脏衰竭 (CHF) 患者中痛性痉挛的患病率:一项对 132 名慢性肝病患者进行的横断面调查提供的中等级别的证据显示,52% 的肝硬化患者、7.5% 的肝炎患者和 20% 的 CHF 患者存在痛性痉挛。[25]Abrams GA, Concato J, Fallon MB. Muscle cramps in patients with cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91:1363-1366.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8677996?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
与对照组和慢性非硬化性肝病患者相比,肝硬化患者手指和大腿痛性痉挛频率显著更高。[23]Kobayashi Y, Kawasaki T, Yoshimi T, et al. Muscle cramps in chronic liver diseases and treatment with antispastic agent (eperisone hydrochloride). Dig Dis Sci. 1992;37:1145-1146.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1618065?tool=bestpractice.com
在肝硬化人群中,未发现利尿剂的使用是造成或促成痛性痉挛的因素之一。[22]Konikoff F, Theodor E. Painful muscle cramps. A symptom of liver cirrhosis? J Clin Gastroenterol. 1986;8:669-672.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3805668?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Kobayashi Y, Kawasaki T, Yoshimi T, et al. Muscle cramps in chronic liver diseases and treatment with antispastic agent (eperisone hydrochloride). Dig Dis Sci. 1992;37:1145-1146.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1618065?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Angeli P, Albino G, Carraro P, et al. Cirrhosis and muscle cramps: evidence of a causal relationship. Hepatology. 1996;23:264-273.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.510230211/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8591851?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Abrams GA, Concato J, Fallon MB. Muscle cramps in patients with cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91:1363-1366.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8677996?tool=bestpractice.com