为进行治疗,可明确下列特定患者群体:
存在卵巢囊肿并发症的突发不适患者
存在单纯性囊肿的绝经前患者
存在复杂性或实体囊肿的绝经前患者
存在单纯性囊肿的绝经后患者
存在复杂性或实性囊肿的绝经后患者
存在单纯性或复杂性囊肿的妊娠患者。
存在卵巢囊肿并发症的突发不适患者
良性卵巢囊肿一般无症状,但患者可能因并发症(例如感染、出血、扭转、囊肿破裂或坏死)导致的症状而紧急就诊。
如果患者存在血液动力学不稳定,或有急腹症证据,提示可能发生卵巢扭转或囊肿破裂/出血,手术探查是必需的一线治疗手段,并且需使用静脉补液。[25]Shadinger LL, Andreotti RF, Kurian RL. Preoperative sonographic and clinical characteristics as predictors of ovarian torsion. J Ultrasound Med. 2008;27:7-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18096725?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Gocmen A, Karac M, Sari A. Conservative laparoscopic approach to adnexal torsion. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2008;277:535-538.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17989986?tool=bestpractice.com
如果检查或影像学结果表明存在大出血,手术方法是剖腹术。[53]Castillo G, Alcazar JL, Jurado M. Natural history of sonographically detected simple unilocular adnexal cysts in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92:965-969.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14984967?tool=bestpractice.com此外,腹腔镜术可也可用于诊断和治疗。如果手术医生对腹腔镜检查有丰富经验,这种方法可在 50% 的病例中安全可靠地保留受累卵巢。[54]Chapron C, Capella-Allouc S, Dubuisson JB. Treatment of adnexal torsion using operative laparoscopy. Hum Reprod. 1996;11:998-1003.http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/11/5/998.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8671377?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Parker WH, Broder MS, Liu Z, et al. Ovarian conservation at the time of hysterectomy for benign disease. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2007;50:354-361.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17513923?tool=bestpractice.com
患有囊肿破裂、输卵管-卵巢脓肿或 PID 的突发不适患者应当接受广谱抗生素治疗。
绝经前:伴有单纯性卵巢囊肿
如果患者同意通过连续超声检查接受全面随访,则一线疗法为期待或保守治疗。[29]DePriest PD, Shenson D, Fried A, et al. A morphology index based on sonographic findings in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 1993;51:7-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8244178?tool=bestpractice.com一般而言,非可疑囊肿绝经前女性应选择期待疗法。
如果囊肿持续存在,应当通过腹腔镜手术探查和切除。然而,小切口剖腹术是一种有效的替代方法,手术时间短,尤其是对于气腹术可增加风险的患者(即:肥胖、活动性肺疾病)。[56]Fanfani F, Fagotti A, Ercoli A, et al. A prospective randomized study of laparoscopy and minilaparotomy in the management of benign adnexal masses. Hum Reprod. 2004;19:2367-2371.http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/10/2367.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15242993?tool=bestpractice.com此类囊肿大部分会自行消退。[30]Alcazar JL, Castillo G, Jurado M, et al. Is expectant management of sonographically benign adnexal cysts an option in selected asymptomatic premenopausal women? Hum Reprod. 2005;20:3231-3234.http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/11/3231.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16024535?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Hart RJ, Hickey M, Maouris P, et al. Excisional surgery versus ablative surgery for ovarian endometriomata. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(2):CD004992.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004992.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18425908?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Grimes DA, Jones LB, Lopez LM, et al. Oral contraceptives for functional ovarian cysts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(4):CD006134.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006134.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24782304?tool=bestpractice.com直径小于 10 cm 的单纯性囊肿经常是良性的。
在这种情况下,卵巢癌的患病率相当低,切除良性囊肿不会降低卵巢癌死亡率。[59]Crayford TJ, Campbell S, Bourne TH, et al. Benign ovarian cysts and ovarian cancer: a cohort study with implications for screening. Lancet. 2000;25:1060-1063.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10744092?tool=bestpractice.com不建议对卵巢囊肿实施细针抽吸和细胞学检查,因为敏感度低 (25%),假阳性率高 (73%)。[33]Higgins RV, Matkins JF, Marroum MC. Comparison of fine-needle aspiration cytologic findings of ovarian cysts with ovarian histologic findings. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180:550-553.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10076126?tool=bestpractice.com
来自 4 个国家/地区的八项随机对照试验显示,使用口服避孕药不会加速此类囊肿的消退。[58]Grimes DA, Jones LB, Lopez LM, et al. Oral contraceptives for functional ovarian cysts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(4):CD006134.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006134.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24782304?tool=bestpractice.com
绝经前:伴有复杂性或实体性卵巢囊肿
生理性复杂性卵巢囊肿经常自行消退,但可能持续存在。一项研究表明,在 34 个月期间,自行消退率为 8.3%。[30]Alcazar JL, Castillo G, Jurado M, et al. Is expectant management of sonographically benign adnexal cysts an option in selected asymptomatic premenopausal women? Hum Reprod. 2005;20:3231-3234.http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/11/3231.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16024535?tool=bestpractice.com
如果诊断印象为良性,首选保守治疗,每 2 至 3 个月做一次连续超声检查。如果持续存在,下一步应接受腹腔镜治疗,包括对囊肿进行组织病理学检查。如果禁忌腹腔镜检查并且存在疑似恶性肿瘤,建议对患者实施剖腹术,并对囊肿进行组织病理学评估。
实性囊肿可能与坏死组织有关,如果不存在感染、卵巢扭转或子宫内膜瘤,应当怀疑恶性肿瘤。如果生殖细胞肿瘤标志物升高或影像学结果提示恶性肿瘤,应当确保转诊至妇科肿瘤医生。[34]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG committee opinion: the role of the obstetrician-gynecologist in the early detection of ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:742-746.http://www.acog.org/Resources_And_Publications/Committee_Opinions/Committee_on_Gynecologic_Practice/The_Role_of_the_Obstetrician_Gynecologist_in_the_Early_Detection_of_Epithelial_Ovarian_Cancerhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12468197?tool=bestpractice.com这些女性需要更为广泛的剖腹术,包括分期和探查淋巴结状态。
在疑似良性肿块的绝经前女性中开展了一项腹腔镜与剖腹术对比、随机试验,结果表明腹腔镜的并发症比例低 (0%),手术致病率较低,住院时间缩短,术后疼痛减轻,囊肿内容物外溢的风险没有增加。[1]Knudsen UB, Tabor A, Mosgaard B, et al. Management of ovarian cysts. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004;83:1012-1021.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15488114?tool=bestpractice.com这些患者中转换至剖腹术的比例较低 (6.4%),但如果患者有腹腔镜禁忌证或恶性肿瘤疑似度较高,则适用剖腹术。与上述结果相反,一项研究报告,在皮样囊肿女性中,腹腔镜组有 18% 的病例发生囊肿内容物外溢,而在剖腹术组为 1%。然而,没有发现患病率增加。[60]Laberge PY, Levesque S. Short-term morbidity and long-term recurrence rate of ovarian dermoid cysts treated by laparoscopy versus laparotomy. J Obstet Gynecol Can. 2006;28:789-793.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17022919?tool=bestpractice.com
绝经后:伴有单纯性卵巢囊肿
在患单纯性(单房、无回声)、直径<10 cm 囊肿并且 CA-125 正常的绝经后女性中,一线治疗选择是通过连续超声检查和每 2 至 3 个月一次的 CA-125 水平测定进行保守观察。[2]Modesitt SC, Pavlik EJ, Ueland FR, et al. Risk of malignancy in unilocular ovarian cystic tumors less than 10 centimeters in diameter. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102:594-599.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12962948?tool=bestpractice.com[42]van Nagell JR, DePriest PD. Management of adnexal masses in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193:30-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16021055?tool=bestpractice.com
在一项直径<10 cm 的单房性卵巢囊肿研究中,69.4% 消退,6.8% 以单房性囊肿持续存在。[2]Modesitt SC, Pavlik EJ, Ueland FR, et al. Risk of malignancy in unilocular ovarian cystic tumors less than 10 centimeters in diameter. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102:594-599.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12962948?tool=bestpractice.com因此,恶性肿瘤的风险极低 (< 0.1%)。另一项有关此类囊肿的研究报告,消退率大约为 44%,恶性可能性较低 (0.6%)。[53]Castillo G, Alcazar JL, Jurado M. Natural history of sonographically detected simple unilocular adnexal cysts in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92:965-969.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14984967?tool=bestpractice.com
如果囊肿尺寸或形态学指数增加,医生应当进行手术评估和囊肿切除,包括组织病理学诊断。腹腔镜手术应当用于恶性肿瘤疑似度较低的囊肿,囊肿切除方式应当是能够提供完整的组织病理学诊断,但不发生囊肿内容物外溢入腹内。不应仅凭囊肿尺寸决定手术方法,因为多项研究证实了腹腔镜检查术对>10 cm 囊肿的安全性和成功性。[61]Ghezzi F, Cromi A, Bergamini V, et al. Should adnexal mass size influence surgical approach? A series of 186 laparoscopically managed large adnexal masses. BJOG. 2008;115:1020-1027.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18651883?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Sagiv R, Golan A, Glezerman M. Laparoscopic management of extremely large ovarian cysts. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:1319-1322.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15932823?tool=bestpractice.com
绝经后:伴有复杂性或实体性卵巢囊肿
患复杂性或实性囊肿的绝经后或年龄>65 岁的患者,应当接受剖腹术,对卵巢进行确定性组织病理学检查,并且应当转诊至妇科肿瘤医生。
实性囊肿可能与坏死组织有关,如果不存在感染、卵巢扭转或子宫内膜瘤,应当怀疑恶性肿瘤。
由于接受妇科肿瘤医生治疗的卵巢癌女性生存率增加,预后改善,美国妇产科医师协会 (ACOG) 和妇科肿瘤医师学会 (SGO) 制定了转诊指南。[16]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin: management of adnexal masses. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110:201-214.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17601923?tool=bestpractice.com[34]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG committee opinion: the role of the obstetrician-gynecologist in the early detection of ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:742-746.http://www.acog.org/Resources_And_Publications/Committee_Opinions/Committee_on_Gynecologic_Practice/The_Role_of_the_Obstetrician_Gynecologist_in_the_Early_Detection_of_Epithelial_Ovarian_Cancerhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12468197?tool=bestpractice.com指南对晚期疾病有所帮助,对恶性肿瘤的敏感度为 93.2%。[32]Dearking AC, Aletti GD, McGree ME, et al. How relevant are ACOG and SGO guidelines for referral of adnexal mass? Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110:841-849.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17906018?tool=bestpractice.com
如果存在结节性或固定盆腔肿瘤,CA-125>35 U/mL,有转移证据,或存在腹水,应当由有经验的妇科肿瘤医生为女性实施剖腹术。
妊娠女性:伴有单纯性或复杂性卵巢囊肿
在孕早期或孕中期,常规超声检查会检测到许多卵巢囊肿,一项研究显示,患病率为 2.3%。[63]Bernhard LM, Klebba PK, Gray DL, et al. Predictors of persistence of adnexal masses in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;93:585-589.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10214838?tool=bestpractice.com卵巢恶性肿瘤的风险是每 12,000 至 47,000 例中有 1 例,扭转或破裂等并发症的风险为 1% 至 6%。[13]Fang YM, Gomes J, Lysikiewicz A, et al. Massive luteinized follicular cyst of pregnancy. Obstet Gynec. 2005;105:1218-1221.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15863588?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Schmeler KM, Mayo-Smith WW, Peipert JF, et al. Adnexal masses in pregnancy: surgery compared with observation. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:1098-1103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15863550?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Bernhard LM, Klebba PK, Gray DL, et al. Predictors of persistence of adnexal masses in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;93:585-589.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10214838?tool=bestpractice.com
大多数单纯性和复杂性肿块会自行消退,对妊娠没有风险。因此,一线治疗选择仍是通过观察和连续超声检查进行的保守方法。然而,卵巢肿块被怀疑为恶性肿瘤、直径>8 cm、产生主诉症状或增加了卵巢扭转风险,则需要手术干预。如果存在持续良性表现囊肿,且其直径>8 cm,或产生了疼痛症状或对其他器官有肿块压迫效果,应当考虑腹腔镜探查和囊肿切除。如果囊肿表现为恶性肿瘤特征,应当在孕中期通过剖腹术实施妊娠期间手术切除术。[14]Schmeler KM, Mayo-Smith WW, Peipert JF, et al. Adnexal masses in pregnancy: surgery compared with observation. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:1098-1103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15863550?tool=bestpractice.com手术治疗优先在妊娠中期进行。如果在妊娠不到 12 周时有黄体破裂的风险,则提示应给予孕酮支持。[64]Leiserowitz GS. Managing ovarian masses during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2006;61:463-470.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16787549?tool=bestpractice.com理想情况下,手术可以推迟到产后或剖宫产时,此时较易实施囊肿切除术。