卵巢囊肿

Modesitt SC, Pavlik EJ, Ueland FR, et al. Risk of malignancy in unilocular ovarian cystic tumors less than 10 centimeters in diameter. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102:594-599.

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Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Ovarian cysts in postmenopausal women. October 2003. http://www.rcog.org.uk/ (last accessed 18 May 2015).

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National Cancer Institute. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975-2003. http://seer.cancer.gov/ (last accessed 18 May 2016).

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American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin: management of adnexal masses. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110:201-214.

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Padilla LA, Radosevich DM, Milad MP. Limitations of the pelvic examination for evaluation of the female pelvic organs. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2005;88:84-88.

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DePriest PD, Shenson D, Fried A, et al. A morphology index based on sonographic findings in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 1993;51:7-11.

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American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG committee opinion: the role of the obstetrician-gynecologist in the early detection of ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:742-746.

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American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Gynecologic Practice. Committee Opinion No. 477: the role of the obstetrician-gynecologist in the early detection of epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:742-746.

• 摘要

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins - Gynecology; ACOG Committee on Genetics; Society of Gynecologic Oncologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 103: hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113:957-966.

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U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for ovarian cancer: recommendation statement. Ann Fam Med. 2004; 2:260-262.

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Grimes DA, Jones LB, Lopez LM, et al. Oral contraceptives for functional ovarian cysts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(4):CD006134.

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1.  Knudsen UB, Tabor A, Mosgaard B, et al. Management of ovarian cysts. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004;83:1012-1021.

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2.  Modesitt SC, Pavlik EJ, Ueland FR, et al. Risk of malignancy in unilocular ovarian cystic tumors less than 10 centimeters in diameter. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102:594-599.

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3.  Dorum A, Blom GP, Ekerhovd E, et al. Prevalence and histologic diagnosis of adnexal cysts in postmenopausal women: an autopsy study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192:48-54.

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4.  Myers ER, Bastian LA, Havrilesky LJ, et al. Management of adnexal mass. Evid Rep Technol Assess. 2006;130:1-145.

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5.  Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Ovarian cysts in postmenopausal women. October 2003. http://www.rcog.org.uk/ (last accessed 18 May 2015).

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10.  Chen MJ, Yang JH, Yang YS, et al. Increased occurrence of tubo-ovarian abscesses in women with stage III and IV endometriosis. Fert Steril. 2004;82:498-499.

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11.  Hall GH, Turnbull LW, Richmond I, et al. Localisation of somatostatin and somatostatin receptors in benign and malignant ovarian tumours. Br J Cancer. 2002;87:86-90.

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12.  Shwayder JM. Pelvic pain, adnexal masses, and ultrasound. Semin Reprod Med. 2008;26:252-265.

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13.  Fang YM, Gomes J, Lysikiewicz A, et al. Massive luteinized follicular cyst of pregnancy. Obstet Gynec. 2005;105:1218-1221.

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14.  Schmeler KM, Mayo-Smith WW, Peipert JF, et al. Adnexal masses in pregnancy: surgery compared with observation. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:1098-1103.

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15.  Valentin L, Ameye L, Jurkovic D, et al. Which extrauterine pelvic masses are difficult to correctly classify as benign or malignant on the basis of ultrasound findings and is there a way of making a correct diagnosis? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2006;27:438-444.

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16.  American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin: management of adnexal masses. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110:201-214.

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17.  Holt VL, Daling JR, McKnight B, et al. Cigarette smoking and functional ovarian cysts. Am J Epidemiol. 1994:139:781-786.

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18.  Holt VL, Cushing-Haugen KL, Daling JR. Risk of functional ovarian cyst: effects of smoking and marijuana use according to body mass index. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161:520-525.

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19.  Kobayashi H, Sumimoto K, Kitanaka T, et al. Ovarian endometrioma: risk factors of ovarian cancer development. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008;138:187-193.

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20.  Kumle M, Weiderpass E, Braaten T, et al. Risk for invasive and borderline epithelial ovarian neoplasias following use of hormonal contraceptives: the Norwegian-Swedish women's lifestyle and health cohort study. Br J Cancer. 2004;90:1386-1391.

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21.  Beral V, Doll R, Hermon C, et al; Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies of Ovarian Cancer. Ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of data from 45 epidemiological studies including 23,257 women with ovarian cancer and 87,303 controls. Lancet. 2008;371:303-314.

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22.  Kauff ND, Satagopan JM, Robson ME, et al. Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in women with a BRCA-1 or BRCA-2 mutation. New Engl J Med. 2002;346:1609-1615.

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23.  Piver MS. Prophylactic oophorectomy: reducing the U.S. death rate from epithelial ovarian cancer: a continuing debate. Oncologist. 1996;1:326-330.

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24.  Rebbeck TR, Lynch HT, Neuhausen SL, et al. Prophylactic oophorectomy in carriers of BRCA-1 or BRCA-2 mutations. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1616-1622.

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25.  Shadinger LL, Andreotti RF, Kurian RL. Preoperative sonographic and clinical characteristics as predictors of ovarian torsion. J Ultrasound Med. 2008;27:7-13.

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26.  Bouguizane S, Bibi H, Farhat Y, et al. Adnexal torsion: a report of 135 cases [in French]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2003;32:535-540.

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27.  Goff BA, Mandel LS, Drescher CW, et al. Development of an ovarian cancer symptom index: possibilities for earlier detection. Cancer. 2007;109:221-227.

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28.  Padilla LA, Radosevich DM, Milad MP. Limitations of the pelvic examination for evaluation of the female pelvic organs. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2005;88:84-88.

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29.  DePriest PD, Shenson D, Fried A, et al. A morphology index based on sonographic findings in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 1993;51:7-11.

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30.  Alcazar JL, Castillo G, Jurado M, et al. Is expectant management of sonographically benign adnexal cysts an option in selected asymptomatic premenopausal women? Hum Reprod. 2005;20:3231-3234.

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31.  Grab D, Flock F, Stohr I, et al. Classification of asymptomatic adnexal masses by ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography. Gynecol Oncol. 2000;77:454-459.

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32.  Dearking AC, Aletti GD, McGree ME, et al. How relevant are ACOG and SGO guidelines for referral of adnexal mass? Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110:841-849.

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33.  Higgins RV, Matkins JF, Marroum MC. Comparison of fine-needle aspiration cytologic findings of ovarian cysts with ovarian histologic findings. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180:550-553.

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34.  American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG committee opinion: the role of the obstetrician-gynecologist in the early detection of ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:742-746.

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35.  Alcazar JL, Castillo G. Comparison of 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional power-Doppler imaging in complex adnexal masses for the prediction of ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192:807-812.

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36.  Bailey CL, Ueland FR, Land GL, et al. The malignant potential of small cystic ovarian tumors in women over 50 years of age. Gynecol Oncol. 1998;69:3-7.

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37.  Deligeoroglou E, Eleftheriades M, Shiadoes V, et al. Ovarian masses during adolescence: clinical, ultrasonographic and pathologic findings, serum tumor markers and endocrinological profile. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2004;19:1-8.

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38.  Kumar S, Shah JP, Bryant CS, et al. The prevalence and prognostic impact of lymph node metastasis in malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;110:125-132.

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39.  Li F, Tie R, Chang K, et al. Does risk for ovarian malignancy algorithm excel human epididymis protein 4 and CA125 in predicting epithelial ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. 2012;12:258.

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40.  American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Gynecologic Practice. Committee Opinion No. 477: the role of the obstetrician-gynecologist in the early detection of epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:742-746.

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41.  Mol BW, Boll D, De Kanter M, et al. Distinguishing the benign and malignant adnexal mass: an external validation of prognostic models. Gynecol Oncol. 2001;80:162-167.

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42.  van Nagell JR, DePriest PD. Management of adnexal masses in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193:30-35.

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43.  Dodge JE, Covens AL, Lacchetti C, et al. Management of a suspicious adnexal mass: a clinical practice guideline. Curr Oncol. 2012;19:244-257.

44.  Hricak H, Chen M, Coakley FV, et al. Complex adnexal masses: detection and characterization with MR imaging: multivariate analysis. Radiology. 2000;214:39-46.

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45.  Seidman JD, Russell P, Kurman RJ. Surface epithelial tumors of the ovary. In: Kurman RJ, ed. Blaustein's pathology of the female genital tract. 5th ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2002:791-904.

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47.  Gupta S, Jose J, Manyonda I. Clinical presentation of fibroids. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2008;22:615-626.

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48.  Walsh JW, Taylor KJ, Wasson JF, et al. Gray-scale ultrasound in 204 proved gynecologic masses: accuracy and specific diagnostic criteria. Radiology. 1979;130:391-397.

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49.  Buhmann-Kirchhoff S, Lang R, Kirchhoff C, et al. Functional cine MR imaging for the detection and mapping of intraabdominal adhesions: method and surgical correlation. Eur Radiol. 2008;18:1215-1223.

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50.  American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins - Gynecology; ACOG Committee on Genetics; Society of Gynecologic Oncologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 103: hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113:957-966.

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51.  U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for ovarian cancer: recommendation statement. Ann Fam Med. 2004; 2:260-262.

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52.  Gocmen A, Karac M, Sari A. Conservative laparoscopic approach to adnexal torsion. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2008;277:535-538.

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53.  Castillo G, Alcazar JL, Jurado M. Natural history of sonographically detected simple unilocular adnexal cysts in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92:965-969.

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54.  Chapron C, Capella-Allouc S, Dubuisson JB. Treatment of adnexal torsion using operative laparoscopy. Hum Reprod. 1996;11:998-1003.

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55.  Parker WH, Broder MS, Liu Z, et al. Ovarian conservation at the time of hysterectomy for benign disease. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2007;50:354-361.

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56.  Fanfani F, Fagotti A, Ercoli A, et al. A prospective randomized study of laparoscopy and minilaparotomy in the management of benign adnexal masses. Hum Reprod. 2004;19:2367-2371.

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57.  Hart RJ, Hickey M, Maouris P, et al. Excisional surgery versus ablative surgery for ovarian endometriomata. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(2):CD004992.

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58.  Grimes DA, Jones LB, Lopez LM, et al. Oral contraceptives for functional ovarian cysts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(4):CD006134.

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59.  Crayford TJ, Campbell S, Bourne TH, et al. Benign ovarian cysts and ovarian cancer: a cohort study with implications for screening. Lancet. 2000;25:1060-1063.

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60.  Laberge PY, Levesque S. Short-term morbidity and long-term recurrence rate of ovarian dermoid cysts treated by laparoscopy versus laparotomy. J Obstet Gynecol Can. 2006;28:789-793.

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61.  Ghezzi F, Cromi A, Bergamini V, et al. Should adnexal mass size influence surgical approach? A series of 186 laparoscopically managed large adnexal masses. BJOG. 2008;115:1020-1027.

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62.  Sagiv R, Golan A, Glezerman M. Laparoscopic management of extremely large ovarian cysts. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:1319-1322.

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63.  Bernhard LM, Klebba PK, Gray DL, et al. Predictors of persistence of adnexal masses in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;93:585-589.

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