女性原发性浸润性乳腺癌的治疗旨在实现以下目标:
延长生存期
同时降低局部和远处复发风险
维持长期生活质量。
多模式治疗将原发性肿瘤手术完全切除与腋窝淋巴结手术分期相结合。并且辅助全身化疗、激素治疗或两者可用于术前或术后。[104]Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Treatment of primary breast cancer: a national clinical guideline. September 2013. http://www.sign.ac.uk/ (last accessed 27 October 2016).http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/SIGN134.pdf行保乳手术治疗的患者其剩余乳房组织常要接受放疗,但也有一些例外。一般情况下,保乳手术应用于早期乳腺癌乳房切除术,尽管这一决定也可能肿瘤位置及受累乳房大小的影响。
然而患者接受保乳手术还是全乳切除术的决定应由患者及其外科医生协商作出,两者均存在相对和绝对禁忌证。随着更灵敏的影像学检查(乳腺 MRI)以及更精确的活检技术(MRI 引导的活检)的应用,可更充分地评估先前的禁忌证(例如多中心病灶和弥漫性微钙化)。多中心病灶局限于 1 个或 2 个象限,且患者乳房较大,可行保乳手术治疗。对于弥漫性钙化患者,应另进行活检以评估疾病程度。
可行即刻或延迟乳房重建术。即刻乳房重建与局部复发频率增加无关。[105]Gieni M, Avram R, Dickson L, et al. Local breast cancer recurrence after mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction for invasive cancer: a meta-analysis. Breast. 2012;21:230-236.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22225710?tool=bestpractice.com进行乳房重建时,有限的数据表明,使用自体脂肪进行重建可被视为安全。[106]Claro F Jr, Figueiredo JC, Zampar AG, et al. Applicability and safety of autologous fat for reconstruction of the breast. Br J Surg. 2012;99:768-780.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22488516?tool=bestpractice.com既往有放疗史或在既往乳房肿瘤切除术和重新切除后边缘持续阳性的女性必须接受乳房切除术以进行充分的局部控制。在男性中,手术方案为乳腺癌改良根治术 (MRM) 或乳房根治术。
妊娠期的乳腺癌女性传统上接受乳房切除术治疗,直到分娩后方接受全身治疗。然而,现有大量数据证实辅助性蒽环类药物在妊娠中期和晚期很安全,且随机Ⅲ期辅助试验表明,术后将辅助放疗延迟长达 6 个月(或更久)不影响局部复发。因此,妊娠期乳腺癌女性,无论在全身治疗前或后可安全地行保乳手术。[71]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: breast cancer. 2016. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 26 October 2016).https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site
新辅助化疗与辅助化疗
最常见的治疗顺序包括手术,其次化疗、放疗和内分泌治疗。已证明根治手术前施用化疗(新辅助)是手术后开始化疗(辅助)的一种安全替代方案。欧洲癌症研究与治疗组织 (EORTC) 试验 10902 的 10 年随访以及 Cochrane 系统综述表明,其为辅助治疗提供了一种安全的替代方案。[107]Mieog JS, van der Hage JA, van de Velde CJ. Preoperative chemotherapy for women with operable breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(2):CD005002.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005002.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17443564?tool=bestpractice.com[108]van Nes JG, Putter H, Julien JP, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy is safe in early breast cancer, even after 10 years of follow-up; clinical and translational results from the EORTC trial 10902. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009;115:101-113.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18484198?tool=bestpractice.com虽然新辅助化疗并未提高超过辅助化疗的总生存期,但新辅助化疗确实提供了一定的优势,这取决于肿瘤生物学而不是分期。具体来说,新辅助化疗后病理学完全缓解(乳房和腋窝淋巴结中无浸润性癌症)患者具有显著提高的无病生存期和总生存期,且较之化疗,新辅助化疗一般与较高的成功保乳治疗率相关。[109]Wolmark N, Wang J, Mamounas E, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy in patients with operable breast cancer: nine-year results from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-18. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2001;96-102.http://jncimono.oxfordjournals.org/content/2001/30/96.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11773300?tool=bestpractice.com[110]Esserman LJ, Berry DA, Demichele A, et al. Pathologic complete response predicts recurrence-free survival more effectively by cancer subset: results from the I-SPY 1 TRIAL - CALGB 150007/150012, ACRIN 6657. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:3242-3249.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22649152?tool=bestpractice.com这些效果在激素受体阴性和 HER2 阳性疾病中最显著,在低增生激素受体阳性疾病患者中具较少的益处和更低的病理反应。新辅助化疗也被视为高增生性激素受体阳性疾病的一个子集。虽然病理学完全缓解少见,但目前正在具有更强激素受体阳性,低增生性疾病的患者中研究新辅助激素疗法。
新辅助化疗最适宜用于评估新疗法和化疗方案对结果的影响,使用病理学完全缓解 (pCR) 作为效应的替代标记。事实上,一项荟萃分析表明,这可能是特定背景下加速药物审批的一个机制,[111]Cortazar P, Zhang L, Untch M, et al. Meta-analysis results from the collaborative trials in neoadjuvant breast cancer (CTNeoBC). Cancer Res. 2012;72(suppl 3):S1-S11.http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/72/24_Supplement/S1-11.abstract最近在美国已使用该方法获批了一种药剂。[112]Blumenthal GM, Scher NS, Cortazar P, et al. First FDA approval of dual anti-HER2 regimen: pertuzumab in combination with trastuzumab and docetaxel for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19:4911-4916.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23801166?tool=bestpractice.comGeparTrio 试验(该试验让患者随机化接受 2 种新辅助化疗方案:6~8 个周期的多西紫杉醇/多柔比星/环磷酰胺 (TAC) 或 2 个周期TAC +4 个周期的长春瑞滨/卡培他滨)二次分析发现,炎症性或局部晚期乳腺癌患者的反应与可手术乳腺癌患者类似。[113]Costa SD, Loibl S, Kaufmann M, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy shows similar response in patients with inflammatory or locally advanced breast cancer when compared with operable breast cancer: a secondary analysis of the GeparTrio trial data. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:83-91.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2009.23.5101http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19901111?tool=bestpractice.com前哨淋巴结活检的时机和使用仍与原发性系统性疗法有争议。一项荟萃分析表明新辅助化疗后进行的前哨淋巴结活检的准确度。[114]Kelly AM, Dwamena B, Cronin P, et al. Breast cancer sentinel node identification and classification after neoadjuvant chemotherapy-systematic review and meta analysis. Acad Radiol. 2009;16:551-563.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19345896?tool=bestpractice.com除根治手术和放射外的治疗方案仍缺乏无应答者。试图增加术前化疗周期数未能改善结果。[115]von Minckwitz G, Kümmel S, Vogel P, et al. Neoadjuvant vinorelbine-capecitabine versus
docetaxel-doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide in early nonresponsive breast cancer:
phase III randomized GeparTrio trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100:542-551.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/100/8/542.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18398097?tool=bestpractice.com[116]von Minckwitz G, Kümmel S, Vogel P, et al. Intensified neoadjuvant chemotherapy in early-responding breast cancer: phase III randomized GeparTrio study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100:552-562.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/100/8/552.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18398094?tool=bestpractice.com
淋巴结阳性与淋巴结阴性病
虽然在传统上疾病程度一直是早期乳腺癌全身治疗的主要决定因素,但现认为肿瘤活检是评估特定治疗方式复发和益处的最重要因素。建议行辅助或新辅助治疗时,必须考虑肿瘤生物学和临床病理特征。虽然淋巴结阳性乳腺癌较之淋巴结阴性乳腺癌与较大的复发和死亡风险有关,但辅助疗法和内分泌疗法所获得的复发和死亡可能性的相对降低在两组中相同。对于淋巴结阳性组,绝对益处往往更大。淋巴结阳性乳腺癌患者的治疗方案通常更长且更密集。
治疗低风险激素受体阳性乳腺癌时,应特别考虑单独使用内分泌疗法。肿瘤及白血病研究小组 B (CALGB) 和美国乳腺癌群组以及多个其他试验的数据分析表明,一些雌激素受体 (OR)- 和/或孕激素受体 (PR)-阳性乳腺癌患者较之 OR/PR-阴性或 HER2-阳性乳腺癌患者在化疗中(假定标准激素疗法)所获收益大幅降低。[117]Berry DA, Cirrincione C, Henderson IC, et al. Estrogen-receptor status and outcomes of modern chemotherapy for patients with node-positive breast cancer. JAMA. 2006;295:1658-1667.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/202666http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16609087?tool=bestpractice.com基因表达分析(例如复发评分 (Oncotype DX®) 和 70 基因分析 (MammaPrint®))帮助临床医生评估这一特定患者人群的个患肿瘤预后。虽然没有得到完全验证,但对于激素受体阳性的早期乳腺癌患者,复发评分和 70 基因测试可用于判断化疗联合激素疗法的相对益处。[75]Goncalves R, Bose R. Using multigene tests to select treatment for early-stage breast cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2013;11:174-182.http://www.jnccn.org/content/11/2/174.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23411384?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Harbeck N, Sotlar K, Wuerstlein R, et al. Molecular and protein markers for clinical decision making in breast cancer: today and tomorrow. Cancer Treat Rev. 2014;40:434-444.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24138841?tool=bestpractice.com[77]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Gene expression profiling and expanded immunohistochemistry tests for guiding adjuvant chemotherapy decisions in early breast cancer management: MammaPrint, Oncotype DX, IHC4 and Mammostrat. September 2013. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 27 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/dg10通常情况下,这些试验的使用仅限于疾病呈淋巴结阳性或具有 1~3 个阳性淋巴结的患者。
几项随机对照试验已表明,将顺序性(或并发的)基于紫杉醇的疗法添加到以蒽环霉素为基础的方案中,对于治疗出现已知腋窝淋巴结转移的患者有好处。[118]Mamounas EP, Bryant J, Lembersky B, et al. Paclitaxel after doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide as adjuvant chemotherapy for node-positive breast cancer: results from NSABP B-28. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3686-3696.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2005.10.517http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15897552?tool=bestpractice.com[119]Henderson IC, Berry DA, Demetri GD, et al. Improved outcomes from adding sequential paclitaxel but not from escalating doxorubicin dose in an adjuvant chemotherapy regimen for patients with node-positive primary breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:976-983.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2003.02.063http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637460?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Ferguson T, Wilcken N, Vagg R, et al. Taxanes for adjuvant treatment of early breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD004421.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004421.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943815?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Gianni L, Baselga J, Eiermann W, et al. Phase III trial evaluating the addition of paclitaxel to doxorubicin followed by cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil, as adjuvant or primary systemic therapy: European Cooperative Trial in Operable Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:2474-2481.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19332727?tool=bestpractice.com[122]De Laurentiis M, Cancello G, D'Agostino D, et al. Taxane-based combinations as adjuvant chemotherapy of early breast cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:44-53.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2007.11.3787http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18165639?tool=bestpractice.com[123]Francis P, Crown J, Di Leo A, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy with sequential or concurrent anthracycline and docetaxel: Breast International Group 02-98 randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100:121-133.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/100/2/121.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18182617?tool=bestpractice.com[124]Martín M, Rodríguez-Lescure A, Ruiz A, et al. Randomized phase 3 trial of fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide alone or followed by paclitaxel for early breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100:805-814.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/100/11/805.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18505968?tool=bestpractice.com[125]Shao N, Wang S, Yao C, et al. Sequential versus concurrent anthracyclines and taxanes as adjuvant chemotherapy of early breast cancer: a meta-analysis of phase III randomized control trials. Breast. 2012;21:389-393.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22542064?tool=bestpractice.com例如,CALGB 9344 组际试验表明,在以蒽环类药物为基础的方案中加用紫杉醇可减少危害,使复发率下降 17%,死亡率下降 18%。[119]Henderson IC, Berry DA, Demetri GD, et al. Improved outcomes from adding sequential paclitaxel but not from escalating doxorubicin dose in an adjuvant chemotherapy regimen for patients with node-positive primary breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:976-983.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2003.02.063http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637460?tool=bestpractice.com复发率和 5 年生存率:存在高质量的证据表明,较之标准的环磷酰胺、甲氨蝶呤和氟尿嘧啶 (CMF) 方案,含蒽环类药物的治疗方案使得复发率明显降低,且明显提高 5 年生存率。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。然而,有关最有效的紫杉醇及给药最佳方案仍存在问题。一项研究表明,每周给予一次紫杉醇较之每三周给予一次的无病存活数和总存活数得到改善。[126]Sparano JA, Wang M, Martino S, et al. Weekly paclitaxel in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1663-1671.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0707056#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18420499?tool=bestpractice.com美国国家乳腺癌外科辅助治疗计划 (National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Projec, NSABP) 与东部肿瘤协作组 (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group)、西南肿瘤组 (Southwest Oncology Group, SWOG) 以及中北部癌症治疗协作组合作进行的一项多中心、Ⅲ期试验表明,较同时使用且疗程较短的方案而言,将紫杉烷序贯给药至含蒽环霉素的方案中可提高无病生存期。有趣的是,在这项研究中,闭经与改善的生存期有关。[127]Swain SM, Jeong JH, Geyer CE Jr, et al. Longer therapy, iatrogenic amenorrhea, and survival in early breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:2053-2065.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0909638#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20519679?tool=bestpractice.com比较相同疗程并发与序贯疗法的试验表明两者结果等效(但使用合并治疗的毒性更高),这提示治疗疗程在淋巴结阳性病中可能很重要。[128]Eiermann W, Pienkowski T, Crown J, et al. Phase III study of doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide with concomitant versus sequential docetaxel as adjuvant treatment in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-normal, node-positive breast cancer: BCIRG-005 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:3877-3884.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2010.28.5437http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21911726?tool=bestpractice.com重要的是要注意治疗疗程也会增加闭经的发病率,治疗疗程是影响激素受体阳性的绝经前女性结果的重要因素。
支持在淋巴结阴性患者中将紫杉醇添加到基于辅助蒽环霉素疗法中的数据仍有限。Cochrane 系统综述和可手术乳腺癌欧洲合作试验亚型分析支持将其用于高危患者。[120]Ferguson T, Wilcken N, Vagg R, et al. Taxanes for adjuvant treatment of early breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD004421.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004421.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943815?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Gianni L, Baselga J, Eiermann W, et al. Phase III trial evaluating the addition of paclitaxel to doxorubicin followed by cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil, as adjuvant or primary systemic therapy: European Cooperative Trial in Operable Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:2474-2481.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19332727?tool=bestpractice.com[129]Qin YY, Li H, Guo XJ, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy, with or without taxanes, in early or operable breast cancer: a meta-analysis of 19 randomized trials with 30698 patients. PLoS One. 2011;6:e26946.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0026946http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22069477?tool=bestpractice.com然而,2 项大型随机对照试验(Taxotere 辅助化疗试验 (TACT) 和北美乳腺癌群组试验 E 2197)并未显示在该患者亚组中有任何显著的总增益。[130]Ellis P, Barrett-Lee P, Johnson L, et al. Sequential docetaxel as adjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer (TACT): an open-label, phase III, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;373:1681-1692.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2687939/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19447249?tool=bestpractice.com[131]Goldstein LJ, O'Neill A, Sparano JA, et al. Concurrent doxorubicin plus docetaxel is not more effective than concurrent doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide in operable breast cancer with 0 to 3 positive axillary nodes: North American Breast Cancer Intergroup Trial E 2197. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:4092-4099.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2008.16.7841http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18678836?tool=bestpractice.com早期乳腺癌试验协作组 (EBCTCG) 的报告支持通过使用紫杉醇加用蒽环类药物为基础的化疗可降低乳腺癌死亡率。这一有利影响被视为无关年龄、肿瘤特征和淋巴结状态。[132]Peto R, Davies C, Godwin J, et al; Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). Comparisons between different polychemotherapy regimens for early breast cancer: meta-analyses of long-term outcome among 100,000 women in 123 randomised trials. Lancet. 2012;379:432-444.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22152853?tool=bestpractice.com在几大随机试验中,将其他化疗药物加入序贯蒽环类药物/紫杉醇增加了毒性,但并未提高效力。更多研究正在评估特定的生物特性以了解特定化疗方案的作用以及蒽环类药物在乳腺癌辅助治疗中的相对益处。
较之基于蒽环类药物的辅助化疗,非基于蒽环类药物的方案可提供一些优势。评估使用 4 个周期多西紫杉醇和环磷酰胺 (TC) 相比于使用 4 个周期多柔比星和环磷酰胺 (AC) 的美国肿瘤学试验显示,TC组中有多达1~3 个阳性淋巴结患者的无病生存期和总生存数得到了改善。[133]Jones S, Holmes FA, O'Shaughnessy J, et al. Docetaxel With cyclophosphamide Is associated with an overall survival benefit compared With doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide: 7-year follow-up of US Oncology Research Trial 9735. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:1177-1183.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19204201?tool=bestpractice.com接受 TC 的患者中出现较少的恶心和呕吐,且使用 TC 降低了贫血相关输血的需求。暂无数据对 TC 与含蒽环类药物加用紫杉醇的方案进行比较,但正进行试验以评估淋巴结阳性病患者中的这一问题。
HER2-阳性病
HER2/中性粒细胞基因扩增是乳腺癌患者总生存数和(其中,患者发展为局部复发的风险也增加)复发时间的显著预测因子。[134]Lowery AJ, Kell MR, Glynn RW, et al. Locoregional recurrence after breast cancer surgery: a systematic review by receptor phenotype. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;133:831-841.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22147079?tool=bestpractice.com使用曲妥珠单抗(一种结合 HER2/neu 胞外区的单克隆抗体)已通过显著提高无病生存期和总生存数来改变 HER2/neu 病前景。[135]Perez EA, Romond EH, Suman VJ, et al. Updated results of the combined analysis of NCCTG N9831 and NSABP B-31 adjuvant chemotherapy with/without trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(suppl):512.https://www.oncolink.org/conferences/coverage/asco/oncolink-at-asco-2007/sunday-june-3-2007/updated-results-of-the-combined-analysis-of-ncctg-n9831-and-nsabp-b-31-adjuvant-chemotherapy-with-without-trastuzumab-in-patients-with-her2-positive-breast-cancer无病生存期和总生存期:存在中等质量的证据表明,较之 2 年观察,化疗后或化疗期间开始利用曲妥珠单抗治疗 HER2 阳性女性可显著提高无病生存期,并也可增加总生存期。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。然而,虽然已知患有 HER2/neu阳性乳腺癌的患者受益于蒽环类药物,但无论以序贯或联合方式使用蒽环类药物或曲妥珠单抗均使心脏毒性的风险增加。[136]Slamon D, Eiermann W, Robert N, et al. BCIRG 006: 2nd interim analysis phase III randomized trial comparing doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by docetaxel (ACT) with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by docetaxel and trastuzumab (ACTH) with docetaxel, carboplatin and trastuzumab (TCH) in HER2neu positive early breast cancer patients. San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2006.[137]Perez EA, Suman VJ, Davidson NE, et al. Cardiac safety analysis of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel with or without trastuzumab in the North Central Cancer Treatment Group N9831 adjuvant breast cancer trial. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1231-1238.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2007.13.5467http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18250349?tool=bestpractice.com[138]Procter M, Suter TM, de Azambuja E, et al. Longer-term assessment of trastuzumab-related cardiac adverse events in the Herceptin Adjuvant (HERA) trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:3422-3428.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20530280?tool=bestpractice.com赫赛汀辅助治疗 (Herceptin Adjuvant, HERA) 试验的长期安全性分析(其中大多数患者均在使用含蒽环霉素方案后使用 1 年的曲妥珠单抗辅助治疗)显示,在使用曲妥珠单抗进行治疗的患者中,心脏毒性发生率有小幅但具有统计学显著性的增加,[138]Procter M, Suter TM, de Azambuja E, et al. Longer-term assessment of trastuzumab-related cardiac adverse events in the Herceptin Adjuvant (HERA) trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:3422-3428.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20530280?tool=bestpractice.com这一结论在其他 3 项检测辅助疗法中曲妥珠单抗治疗的大型Ⅲ期试验中得到证实。
来自 HERA 研究(对比 1 年与 2 年的曲妥珠单抗治疗)[139]Goldhirsch A, Gelber RD, Piccart-Gebhart MJ, et al; Herceptin Adjuvant (HERA) Trial Study Team. 2 years versus 1 year of adjuvant trastuzumab for HER2-positive breast cancer (HERA): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2013;382:1021-1028.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23871490?tool=bestpractice.com和 PHARE 试验(对比 6 个月与 1 年的曲妥珠单抗治疗)[140]Pivot X, Romieu G, Debled M, et al; PHARE trial investigators. 6 months versus 12 months of adjuvant trastuzumab for patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer (PHARE): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:741-748.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23764181?tool=bestpractice.com的数据证明,曲妥珠单抗辅助治疗的最佳疗程是 1 年,但另外 2 项较短疗程研究的结果将在未来报告。在芬兰赫赛汀 (FinHER) 试验的一小部分中,将曲妥珠单抗(少达 9 周的疗程)与化疗联用时,可发现无病生存期益处。[141]Joensuu H, Bono P, Kataja V, et al. Fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide with either docetaxel or vinorelbine, with or without trastuzumab, as adjuvant treatments of breast cancer: final results of the FinHer Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:5685-5692.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2008.21.4577http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19884557?tool=bestpractice.com中北部癌症治疗协作组 (NCCTG) 试验对同步与序贯化疗和曲妥珠单抗的对比数据表明,同步疗法的长期结果最佳。[142]Pinto AC, Ades F, de Azambuja E, et al. Trastuzumab for patients with HER2 positive breast cancer: delivery, duration and combination therapies. Breast. 2013;22(suppl 2):S152-S155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24074778?tool=bestpractice.com
BCIRG 006 表明,AC(阿霉素和环磷酰胺)后施用TH(多西他赛和曲妥珠单抗)、TCH(多西他赛、卡铂和曲妥珠单抗)比AC后施用T(阿霉素和环磷酰胺,其次多西他赛)提高了无病生存期和总生存数。[136]Slamon D, Eiermann W, Robert N, et al. BCIRG 006: 2nd interim analysis phase III randomized trial comparing doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by docetaxel (ACT) with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by docetaxel and trastuzumab (ACTH) with docetaxel, carboplatin and trastuzumab (TCH) in HER2neu positive early breast cancer patients. San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2006.然而,在两大含曲妥珠单抗的方案中就无病生存期或总生存数而言并未看到在统计学上具重要意义的差异。值得注意的是,较之含蒽环类药物组,TCH 组中出现的心脏事件症状较少。[143]Slamon D, Eiermann W, Robert N, et al. Adjuvant trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1273-1283.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0910383#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21991949?tool=bestpractice.com辅助紫杉醇加用曲妥珠单抗可考虑用于低风险、I 期、HER2 阳性疾病患者,尤其是因合并症而不能进行标准辅助治疗的患者。使用紫杉醇和曲妥珠单抗进行 12 周的治疗,然后使用单独的曲妥珠单抗进行 9 个月的治疗可带来 98.7% 的 3 年无病生存期。[144]Tolaney S, Barry WT, Dang CT, et al. A phase II study of adjuvant paclitaxel (T) and trastuzumab (H) (APT trial) for node-negative, HER2-positive breast cancer (BC). Cancer Res. 2013;73(suppl 24):abstract S1-04.http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/73/24_Supplement/S1-04[145]Tolaney SM, Barry WT, Dang CT, et al. Adjuvant paclitaxel and trastuzumab for node-negative, HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:134-141.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1406281#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25564897?tool=bestpractice.com
对于 HER2 阳性的乳腺癌患者,NOAH(新辅助赫赛汀)随机Ⅲ期试验的结果表明,在新辅助化疗中加用曲妥珠单抗可延长生存期和改善肿瘤反应,并且现在这是 HER2 阳性疾病的治疗标准。[146]Gianni L, Eiermann W, Semiglazov V, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with trastuzumab followed by adjuvant trastuzumab versus neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone, in patients with HER2-positive locally advanced breast cancer (the NOAH trial): a randomised controlled superiority trial with a parallel HER2-negative cohort. Lancet. 2010;375:377-384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20113825?tool=bestpractice.com三项随机Ⅲ期新辅助试验(Gepar-Quinto、Neo-ALTTO 和 NeoSphere)支持新辅助治疗中联合 HER2 靶向治疗的疗效和安全性。[147]Untch M, Loibl S, Bischoff J, et al. Lapatinib versus trastuzumab in combination with neoadjuvant anthracycline-taxane-based chemotherapy (GeparQuinto, GBG 44): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:135-144.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22257523?tool=bestpractice.com[148]Baselga J, Bradbury I, Eidtmann H, et al. Lapatinib with trastuzumab for HER2-positive early breast cancer (NeoALTTO): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial.
Lancet. 2012;379:633-640.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22257673?tool=bestpractice.com[149]Gianni L, Pienkowski T, Im YH, et al. Efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant pertuzumab and trastuzumab in women with locally advanced, inflammatory, or early HER2-positive breast cancer (NeoSphere): a randomised multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:25-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22153890?tool=bestpractice.com新 ALTTO 和 Gepar-Quinto 显示,较之曲妥珠单抗和紫杉醇,联用曲妥珠单抗、口服酪氨酸激酶抑制剂拉帕替尼和紫杉醇提高了病理学完全缓解 (pCR) 率。[147]Untch M, Loibl S, Bischoff J, et al. Lapatinib versus trastuzumab in combination with neoadjuvant anthracycline-taxane-based chemotherapy (GeparQuinto, GBG 44): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:135-144.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22257523?tool=bestpractice.com[148]Baselga J, Bradbury I, Eidtmann H, et al. Lapatinib with trastuzumab for HER2-positive early breast cancer (NeoALTTO): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial.
Lancet. 2012;379:633-640.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22257673?tool=bestpractice.com然而,在新 ALTTO 试验中,pCR 的增加但无病生存期无差异。这可能是由于术后在所有患者均使用蒽环类药物。NeoSphere 试验将早期 HER2 阳性乳腺癌患者随机化以接受曲妥珠单抗、帕妥珠单抗、紫杉烷多西他赛,或接受曲妥珠单抗和多西他赛治疗。[149]Gianni L, Pienkowski T, Im YH, et al. Efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant pertuzumab and trastuzumab in women with locally advanced, inflammatory, or early HER2-positive breast cancer (NeoSphere): a randomised multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:25-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22153890?tool=bestpractice.com帕妥珠单抗是一种人源化单克隆抗体,结合了曲妥珠单抗 HER2 细胞外结构域处的不同表位,并防止了与其他配体激活 HER 受体二聚化。另外两个组使用曲妥珠单抗以及帕妥珠单抗加用多西紫杉醇测试曲妥珠单抗。研究根治手术、蒽环类药物化疗以及曲妥珠单抗化疗1年后的治疗效果。使用曲妥珠单抗、帕妥珠单抗和多西他赛进行治疗可产生最高 pCR 率,且附加毒性最低(曲妥珠单抗/多西他赛为 39.3%/21.5%)。[149]Gianni L, Pienkowski T, Im YH, et al. Efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant pertuzumab and trastuzumab in women with locally advanced, inflammatory, or early HER2-positive breast cancer (NeoSphere): a randomised multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:25-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22153890?tool=bestpractice.com帕妥珠单抗被批准用于转移性 HER2 阳性乳腺癌的治疗,且测试帕妥珠单抗加入标准化疗和曲妥单抗的辅助试验已不断增长。基于帕妥珠单抗在 NeoSphere 中的效力,FDA 同意加速批准帕妥珠单抗,联用曲妥珠单抗和多西紫杉醇用于治疗 HER2 阳性、局部晚期、炎症性或早期乳腺癌患者的新辅助治疗。[112]Blumenthal GM, Scher NS, Cortazar P, et al. First FDA approval of dual anti-HER2 regimen: pertuzumab in combination with trastuzumab and docetaxel for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19:4911-4916.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23801166?tool=bestpractice.com
在 TRYPHAENA 开放标签Ⅱ期试验中,可行手术的局部晚期和炎性乳腺癌患者被随机分配接受 6 个周期的新辅助治疗。A组接受 3 个周期的氟尿嘧啶、表柔比星和环磷酰胺加用曲妥珠单抗加用帕妥珠单抗,然后使用 3 个周期的多西紫杉醇加用曲妥珠单抗加用帕妥珠单抗。B 组接受 3 个周期的氟尿嘧啶、表柔比星和环磷酰胺,然后使用 3 个周期的多西紫杉醇加用曲妥珠单抗加用帕妥珠单抗。C 组接受 6 个周期的多西紫杉醇加用卡铂加用曲妥珠单抗加用帕妥珠单抗。pCR 率分别为61.6%(A组)、57.3%(B组)和 66.2%(C组)。左心室射血分数在基线水平上降低率大于等于 10% 但小于 50% 的比例分别为 5.6%(A 组)、5.3%(B 组)和 3.9%(C 组)。[150]Schneeweiss A, Chia S, Hickish T, et al. Pertuzumab plus trastuzumab in combination with standard neoadjuvant anthracycline-containing and anthracycline-free chemotherapy regimens in patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer: a randomized phase II cardiac safety study (TRYPHAENA). Ann Oncol. 2013;24:2278-2284.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/9/2278.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23704196?tool=bestpractice.com因此,帕妥珠单抗加用曲妥珠单抗与标准化疗的组合会产生较低发生率的症状性左心室收缩功能障碍。
纳入来自五项试验的数据的 meta 分析表明,辅助使用曲妥珠单抗大幅提高了有 HER2 阳性肿瘤(2 cm 或更小)且接受化疗的患者的无病生存期和总生存期。[151]O'Sullivan CC, Bradbury I, Campbell C, et al. Efficacy of adjuvant trastuzumab for patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive early breast cancer and tumors ≤2 cm: a meta-analysis of the randomized trastuzumab trials. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:2600-2608.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2015.60.8620http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26101239?tool=bestpractice.com
对曲妥珠单抗相关心脏毒性的担忧延伸至其余辅助放疗的联合使用。数据表明,这种联用可在急性和治疗后情况下安全使用。然而,若要评估晚期心脏事件,需长期随访。[152]Halyard MY, Pisansky TM, Dueck AC, et al. Radiotherapy and adjuvant trastuzumab in operable breast cancer: tolerability and adverse event data from the NCCTG Phase III Trial N9831. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:2638-2644.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19349549?tool=bestpractice.com曲妥珠单抗通常静脉给药,但皮下注射配方现已有售,有数据显示,并不劣于静脉给药和患者偏好。[153]Ismael G, Hegg R, Muehlbauer S, et al. Subcutaneous versus intravenous administration of (neo)adjuvant trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive, clinical stage I-III breast cancer (HannaH study): a phase 3, open-label, multicentre, randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:869-878.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22884505?tool=bestpractice.com[154]Pivot X, Gligorov J, Müller V, et al; PrefHer Study Group. Preference for subcutaneous or intravenous administration of trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer (PrefHer): an open-label randomised study. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:962-970.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23965225?tool=bestpractice.com虽然尚未批准在美国使用,但曲妥珠单抗皮下注射剂可在欧洲使用。
关于HER2 肿瘤乳腺癌患者中的间质瘤浸润淋巴细胞 (S-TIL)的早期数据表明,约 10% 的患者可能并未获益于将曲妥珠单抗加入到化疗中。无论是利用单独的化疗还是利用化疗加用曲妥珠单抗进行治疗,这一亚组的患者均表现良好。对于该临床分组,是否加用曲妥珠单抗仍需进一步的研究。[155]Perez EA, Ballman KV, Anderson SK et al. Stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (S-TILs): in the alliance N9831 trial S-TILs are associated with chemotherapy benefit but not associated with trastuzumab benefit. Presented at: San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. San Antonio, TX: December 2014. Abstract S1-06.
内分泌疗法
化疗或手术后,不推荐使用化疗,OR 和/或 PR 阳性乳腺癌女性可用内分泌疗法治疗。[104]Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Treatment of primary breast cancer: a national clinical guideline. September 2013. http://www.sign.ac.uk/ (last accessed 27 October 2016).http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/SIGN134.pdf治疗方案因绝经状态而异。绝经前女性均可利用他莫昔芬进行治疗,加或不加用卵巢抑制治疗。卵巢抑制的好处仍有争论。卵巢抑制最常用方法是每月注射戈舍瑞林,但手术卵巢切除术是另一种选择。卵巢切除后生存期:一项中等质量的证据表明,15 年随访后,通过放射或手术的卵巢切除会增加总生存期和无复发生存期。益处不依赖于淋巴结状态。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
卵巢功能抑制试验 (SOFT) 将患者随机分入3 组:卵巢功能抑制 (OFS) 组、他莫昔芬+OFS组和单独使用依西美坦或他莫昔芬组。SOFT 试验结果证实,使用卵巢抑制与内分泌疗法对高危女性具有显著益处,尤其是 35 岁以下的那些女性。在整体人群中,各组间乳腺癌复发率并无显著差异。然而,绝经前女性接受依西美坦+卵巢抑制化疗,较单独使用他莫昔芬,其疾病结果已得到更大改善,而卵巢抑制+他莫昔芬改善程度更大。在这一特定女性亚组中,依西美坦+卵巢抑制治疗使得疾病复发风险降低 35%。在未接受化疗的女性中,并未观察到将卵巢抑制加入内分泌疗法的益处。[156]Francis PA, Regan MM, Fleming GF, et al; SOFT Investigators; International Breast Cancer Study Group. Adjuvant ovarian suppression in premenopausal breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:436-446.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25495490?tool=bestpractice.com他莫昔芬和依西美坦试验 (TEXT) 评估OFS +他莫昔芬与 OFS +依西美坦的益处。较之他莫昔芬+卵巢抑制,依西美坦+卵巢抑制进行治疗降低了浸润性乳腺癌复发风险。一项对OR 阳性乳腺癌绝经前女性试验的荟萃分析发现,仅使用 OFS 和促黄体激素释放激素 (LHRH)激动药与辅助化疗在降低乳腺癌风险方面等效。然而,这并不具有统计学意义。[157]Hackshaw A, Baum M, Fornander T, et al. Long-term effectiveness of adjuvant goserelin in premenopausal women with early breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101:341-349.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/101/5/341.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19244174?tool=bestpractice.com证据还表明,单独辅助使用 OFS 可能与他莫昔芬一样有效。[157]Hackshaw A, Baum M, Fornander T, et al. Long-term effectiveness of adjuvant goserelin in premenopausal women with early breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101:341-349.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/101/5/341.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19244174?tool=bestpractice.comCochrane 系统综述发现,LHRH 激动剂加用化疗与单独化疗相比,无复发和总生存数有上升趋势。[158]Goel S, Sharma R, Hamilton A, et al. LHRH agonists for adjuvant therapy of early breast cancer in premenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD004562.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004562.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821328?tool=bestpractice.com然而,OFS 的最佳使用方式和疗程仍不清楚,因此正在进行试验的结果备受期待。
虽然标准的治疗疗程一直是 5 年,但最近的数据显示,若治疗疗程更长,益处更多。ATLAS 和 aTTom 试验评估 5 年与 10 年辅助他莫昔芬治疗结果,并报道在接受 10 年治疗的患者复发率较低。[159]Davies C, Pan H, Godwin J, et al. Long-term effects of continuing adjuvant tamoxifen to 10 years versus stopping at 5 years after diagnosis of oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: ATLAS, a randomised trial. Lancet. 2013;381:805-816.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)61963-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23219286?tool=bestpractice.com
然而,疗程越长,毒性(包括子宫内膜癌的几率)就会增加。[160]Gray RG, Rea D, Handley K, et al. aTTom: long-term effects of continuing adjuvant tamoxifen to 10 years versus stopping at 5 years in 6,953 women with early breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(suppl):abstr 5.http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/content/112995-132 因此,10 年辅助他莫昔芬治疗一直被用作为初始治疗 5 年后仍未绝经的癌症风险较高女性的治疗疗法。
若经证实患者在辅助他莫昔芬治疗后的第 2 年或第 3 年绝经,则应考虑将 AI 用于剩下的 3~2 年,因为序贯疗法一直与提高绝经后女性无病生存期有关。重要的是确保开始 AI 后患者确实处于绝经期,因 AI 可刺激卵巢产生雌激素。与化疗完成后再使用他莫昔芬治疗相比,他莫昔芬和化疗联合治疗会导致结果严重恶化,因此应给予序贯治疗。[161]Albain KS, Barlow WE, Ravdin PM, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy and timing of tamoxifen in postmenopausal patients with endocrine-responsive, node-positive breast cancer: a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374:2055-2063.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20004966?tool=bestpractice.com
一般情况下,与他莫昔芬相比,5 年的 AI 疗法已显示将 OR 和/或 PR 阳性乳腺癌绝经后女性中的无病生存期提高了 18%~21%。[162]Coates AS, Keshaviah A, Thürlimann B, et al. Five years of letrozole compared with tamoxifen as initial adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal women with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer: update of study BIG 1-98. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:486-492.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2006.08.8617http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17200148?tool=bestpractice.com[163]Howell A, Cuzick J, Baum M, et al. Results of the ATAC (Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) trial after completion of 5 years' adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Lancet. 2005;365:60-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15639680?tool=bestpractice.com[164]Forbes JF, Cuzick J, Buzdar A, et al; Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) Trialists' Group. Effect of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: 100-month analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9:45-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18083636?tool=bestpractice.com[165]Joerger M, Thurlimann B. Update of the BIG 1-98 Trial: where do we stand? Breast. 2009;18(suppl 3):S78-S82.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19914548?tool=bestpractice.com对于绝经后女性,较之单独使用来曲唑,序贯使用来曲唑与他莫昔芬似乎没有无病生存期方面的益处。[166]Mouridsen H, Giobbie-Hurder A, Goldhirsch A, et al; BIG 1-98 Collaborative Group. Letrozole therapy alone or in sequence with tamoxifen in women with breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:766-776.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0810818#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19692688?tool=bestpractice.com奥地利乳腺癌和结直肠癌研究组试验 8 (ABCSG-8) 数据表明,在低风险疾病的绝经后患者中,他莫昔芬治疗 2 年后,接着用阿那曲唑治疗 3 年,类似于以他莫昔芬治疗 5 年,[167]Dubsky PC, Jakesz R, Mlineritsch B, et al. Tamoxifen and anastrozole as a sequencing strategy: a randomized controlled trial in postmenopausal patients with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer from the Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:722-728.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2011.36.8993http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22271481?tool=bestpractice.com但较大型的依西美坦组间研究 (IES) 试验证实,较之单独使用他莫昔芬,2~3 年后将他莫昔芬改为依西美坦以完成 5 年的总治疗,无病生存期和总生存数得到改善。[168]Bliss JM, Kilburn LS, Coleman RE, et al. Disease-related outcomes with long-term follow-up: an updated analysis of the intergroup exemestane study. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:709-717.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2010.33.7899http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22042946?tool=bestpractice.com
MA-17 试验结果表明,完成整整 5 年他莫昔芬治疗的 OR 和/或 PR 阳性乳腺癌并已确诊为绝经后的患者,受益于延长 5 年的 AI 内分泌治疗。[169]Goss PE, Ingle JN, Martino S, et al. Efficacy of letrozole extended adjuvant therapy according to estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status of the primary tumor: National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group MA.17. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:2006-2011.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17452676?tool=bestpractice.com具体而言,MA-17 试验证明,接受延长辅助内分泌治疗的患者已改善无病生存期和远期无病生存期。这些研究结果已与国家外科辅助乳房与肠道项目 (NSABP) B-33 试验结果相一致。[170]Mamounas EP, Jeong JH, Wickerham DL, et al. Benefit from exemestane as extended adjuvant therapy after 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen: intention-to-treat analysis of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast And Bowel Project B-33 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1965-1971.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2007.14.0228http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18332472?tool=bestpractice.com尽管我们现在知道,为期 10 年的他莫昔芬后AI治疗和单独的他莫昔芬较 5 年他莫昔芬激素治疗,疾病复发更少,但迄今无评估更长 AI 治疗疗程的数据。多个试验正在测试该策略。
在资源有限的国家(无法进行全身化疗给药且无法检查激素受体),辅助卵巢切除术和他莫昔芬是患有可手术乳腺癌的未绝经女性潜在的治疗选择。[171]Love RR, Van Dinh N, Quy TT, et al. Survival after adjuvant oophorectomy and tamoxifen in operable breast cancer in premenopausal women. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:253-257.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2007.11.6061http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18086800?tool=bestpractice.comABCSG-12 试验用卵巢抑制联合他莫昔芬或阿那曲唑对患有激素受体阳性乳腺癌的未绝经女性进行 3 年的治疗,并证明了令人印象深刻的无病生存期和总生存数,这表明该方法是一种适当的疗法,至少对一些患有早期乳腺癌的未绝经女性而言是这样。[172]Gnant M, Mlineritsch B, Schippinger W, et al. Endocrine therapy plus zoledronic acid in premenopausal breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:679-691.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0806285#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19213681?tool=bestpractice.com[173]Gnant M, Mlineritsch B, Stoeger H, et al; Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group. Adjuvant endocrine therapy plus zoledronic acid in premenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer: 62-month follow-up from the ABCSG-12 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:631-641.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21641868?tool=bestpractice.com
辅助他莫昔芬治疗对对侧乳房的益处。具体来说,对于绝经前激素敏感性乳腺癌患者,使用辅助他莫昔芬可降低 50% 的对侧乳腺癌的发病率。[174]Alkner S, Bendahl PO, Ferno M, et al. Tamoxifen reduces the risk of contralateral breast cancer in premenopausal women: results from a controlled randomised trial. Eur J Cancer. 2009;45:2496-2502.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19535242?tool=bestpractice.com
保乳治疗 (BCT)、乳腺癌改良根治术 (MRM) 、保留皮肤乳房切除术 (SSM)的比较
对于诊断患有乳腺癌的女性,外科选择包括 BCT、MRM 和 SSM。多项随机试验已对 BCT 的使用与 MRM 的使用进行对比。例如,NSABP B-03 试验随机将肿瘤直径≤4 cm 的患者分入3 个局部治疗方案中的 1 个:乳房切除术、BCT 后进行乳房照射,或 BCT 不进行照射。[175]Fisher B, Anderson S, Redmond CK. Reanalysis and results after 12 years of follow-up in a randomized clinical trial comparing total mastectomy with lumpectomy with or without irradiation in the treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1456-1461.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199511303332203#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7477145?tool=bestpractice.com该试验发现,在 BCT 后加用放疗可显著减少局部复发。进行乳房切除术的患者与进行 BCT 加用乳房照射的患者在总生存数、无病生存期或远期无病生存期方面无明显差异。EORTC 10801 研究(对比 BCT 与 MRM 用于肿瘤直径不超过 5 cm 且有腋窝淋巴结阴性或阳性疾病的患者的治疗效果)的长期随访报道称,虽然乳房切除术能带来更好的局部控制,但两者的远处转移和总生存时间无明显差异。[176]Litière S, Werutsky G, Fentiman IS, et al. Breast conserving therapy versus mastectomy for stage I-II breast cancer: 20 year follow-up of the EORTC 10801 phase 3 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:412-419.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22373563?tool=bestpractice.com在国家癌症研究所进行的另一项研究该研究也对比 BCT 与 MRM 用于早期疾病患者的治疗效果,所有患者都接受腋窝淋巴结清扫术[其中淋巴结阳性疾病患者用多柔比星和环磷酰胺治疗])在 25 年的随访后报道称两种手术在总生存数方面无明显差异。[177]Simone NL, Dan T, Shih J, et al. Twenty-five year results of the National Cancer Institute randomized breast conservation trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;132:197-203.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22113254?tool=bestpractice.com
目前正在进行手术方面的尝试以降低边缘阳性率和再次切除的需求。一项随机对照试验发现,残腔切除(去除部分乳房切除术后所留空腔周围的额外组织)可将接受部分乳房切除术的患者的边缘阳性率和再次切除需求率降低一半。[178]Chagpar AB, Killelea BK, Tsangaris TN, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of cavity shave margins in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:503-510.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26028131?tool=bestpractice.com
早期乳腺癌试验者协作小组对将化疗加手术与同类型单独手术、更大型的手术与不太大型的手术,以及更大型的手术与不太大型的手术加化疗进行对比的随机试验进行了荟萃分析。该分析发现接受保乳手术加化疗的患者与接受全乳房切除术的患者在总生存数方面无差异。[179]Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Effects of radiotherapy and surgery in early breast cancer. An overview of the randomized trials. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1444-1456.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199511303332202#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7477144?tool=bestpractice.com5 项 NSABP 试验的回顾性分析发现 BCT 后局部失败率较低,尤其是淋巴结阴性疾病。但局部复发与预后不良和缺乏标准治疗指南相关。[180]Anderson SJ, Wapnir I, Dignam JJ, et al. Prognosis after ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence and locoregional recurrences in patients treated by breast-conserving therapy in five National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project protocols of node-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:2466-2473.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19349544?tool=bestpractice.com正因为如此,正在对进一步减少 BCT 后局部复发率的方法进行评估。具体来说,增加原发性肿瘤部位的放射剂量已取得有前景的结果。建议将其用于复发风险高的患者。[181]Poortmans PM, Collette L, Bartelink H, et al. The addition of a boost dose on the primary tumour bed after lumpectomy in breast conserving treatment for breast cancer. A summary of the results of EORTC 22881-10882 "boost versus no boost" trial. Cancer Radiother. 2008;12:565-570.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18760649?tool=bestpractice.com[182]Sautter-Bihl ML, Budach W, Dunst J, et al. DEGRO practical guidelines for radiotherapy of breast cancer I: breast-conserving therapy. Strahlenther Onkol. 2007;183:661-666.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18040609?tool=bestpractice.com
BCT 的绝对禁忌证包括多中心病灶、受累乳房之前进行过放疗、受累乳房内有弥漫性微钙化以及重复切除术尝试后有持续性阳性边缘。结缔组织病(例如系统性红斑狼疮 (SLE) 和硬皮病)是 BCT 的相对禁忌证。
在过去的十年中,SSM 已新兴为早期乳腺癌女性患者的可行、有效的术式选择。该术式涉及手术切除乳房实质、活检瘢痕以及肿瘤表面皮肤。该手术保留乳房的剩余皮肤和乳房下褶皱,这可以提高美容术。多项研究已表明进行 MRM 的患者与进行 SSM 的患者在局部复发方面无明显差异;但包括肿瘤大小和高组织学分级在内的因素可能增加复发风险。[183]Newman LA, Kuerer HM, Hunt KK, et al. Presentation, treatment, and outcome of local recurrence after skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction. Ann Surg Oncol. 1998;5:620-626.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9831111?tool=bestpractice.com[184]Medina-Franco H, Vasconez LO, Fix RJ, et al. Factors associated with local recurrence after skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction for invasive breast cancer. Ann Surg. 2002;235:814-819.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1422510/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12035037?tool=bestpractice.com
前哨淋巴结活检 (SLNB) 与腋窝淋巴结清扫术 (ALND)
对于临床征象淋巴结阴性患者,准确的前哨淋巴结 (SLN) 评估能够避免 ALND 及其并发症,基于这一理论,SLNB 已被多个肿瘤学小组(包括美国临床肿瘤学会 (ASCO)、美国国家癌症综合网 (NCCN) 以及早期乳腺癌初始治疗国际专家共识小组)推荐作为 ALND 的有效替代。[185]Lyman GH, Giuliano AE, Somerfield MR, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline recommendations for sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7703-7720.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2005.08.001http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16157938?tool=bestpractice.com[186]Schwartz GF, Giuliano AE, Veronesi U. Proceedings of the consensus conference on the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in carcinoma of the breast, April 19-22, 2001, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cancer. 2002;94:2542-2551.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.10539/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12173319?tool=bestpractice.com
一项研究随机抽取 516 名患者(每名患者都有直径≤2 cm 的乳腺癌肿瘤)进行前哨淋巴结活检和腋窝淋巴结清扫术(腋窝淋巴结清扫术小组)或前哨淋巴结活检,随后只在前哨淋巴结含有转移的情况下进行腋窝淋巴结清扫术(前哨淋巴结小组)。[187]Veronesi U, Paganelli G, Viale G, et al. A randomized comparison of sentinel-node biopsy with routine axillary dissection in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:546-553.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa012782#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12904519?tool=bestpractice.com[188]Veronesi U, Viale G, Paganelli G, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: ten-year results of a randomized controlled study. Ann Surg. 2010;251:595-600.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20195151?tool=bestpractice.com在腋窝淋巴结清扫术小组,SLN 状态的准确率为 96.9%,SLNB的敏感性为 91.2%,SLNB 的特异性为 100%。在 167 名未进行腋窝淋巴结清扫术的患者中,随访期间无明显腋窝转移病例。其他研究(例如 NSABP B-32 和针对腋窝淋巴结清扫试验的腋窝淋巴定位)正在进行中。
虽然通常建议在 SLNB 期间发现腋窝淋巴结转移后完成 ALND,但可以使用一种结合多种因素(病理学大小、肿瘤类型、核级、淋巴血管侵犯、多病灶、雌激素受体状态、SLN 转移的检测方法、阳性 SLN 的数量以及阴性 SLN 的数量)的前瞻性列线图来确定个体患者有其他非 SLN 转移的可能性。[189]Van Zee KJ, Manasseh DM, Bevilacqua JL, et al. A nomogram for predicting the likelihood of additional nodal metastases in breast cancer patients with a positive sentinel node biopsy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2003;10:1140-1151.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14654469?tool=bestpractice.com2010 年,美国外科医师协会肿瘤组 (ACOSOG) Z0011 试验检查 SLN 转移患者生存时发现,随机分入 SLNB 后 ALND 组与单独 SLNB 组相比,两者在局部复发方面无明显差异。[190]Giuliano AE, McCall L, Beitsch P, et al. Locoregional recurrence after sentinel lymph node dissection with or without axillary dissection in patients with sentinel lymph node metastases: the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group z0011 randomized trial. Ann Surg. 2010;252:426-432.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20739842?tool=bestpractice.com值得注意的是,该试验只包括进行 BCT 且临床征象淋巴结阴性的早期乳腺癌女性患者。所有女性术后接受辅助放疗,且大部分接受全身治疗(化疗和/或激素治疗)。[191]Giuliano AE, Hunt KK, Ballman KV, et al. Axillary dissection vs no axillary dissection in women with invasive breast cancer and sentinel node metastasis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2011;305:569-575.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304082?tool=bestpractice.com一项荟萃分析报道称用 ALND 或 SLNB 治疗的患者的 5 年生存率和局部复发率相似,其中有一些数据表明 ALND 的伤害风险高于SLNB,[192]Glechner A, Wöckel A, Gartlehner G, et al. Sentinel lymph node dissection only versus complete axillary lymph node dissection in early invasive breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49:812-825.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23084155?tool=bestpractice.com而在 AATRM 研究中,对前哨淋巴结微转移患者,用 ALND 治疗的患者与仅接受 SLNB 的患者在无病生存期方面没有差异。[193]Solá M, Alberro JA, Fraile M, et al. Complete axillary lymph node dissection versus clinical follow-up in breast cancer patients with sentinel node micrometastasis: final results from the multicenter clinical trial AATRM 048/13/2000. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20:120-127.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22956062?tool=bestpractice.com
术中分子检测(例如 RD-100i OSNA 系统和 Metasin 试验)提供术中全淋巴结分析,以确定SLN 样本中是否存在转移扩散的生物标志物。术中获得结果可确定是否应进一步切除腋窝淋巴结,且可避免进行二次手术以便更早开始辅助治疗。英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所 (NICE) 推荐使用 RD-100i OSNA系统进行 SLN 转移术中检测的全淋巴结分析;但将Metasin 试验纳入广泛实践之前还需证明其临床效用。RD-100i OSNA 系统的敏感性和特异性分别为 91.3% 和 94.2%。[194]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intraoperative tests (RD‑100i OSNA system and Metasin test) for detecting sentinel lymph node metastases in breast cancer. August 2013. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 27 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/dg8
在考虑 SLNB 时,临床医生应注意 SLNB 的禁忌证包括临床上淋巴结阳性乳腺癌、妊娠、哺乳、局部晚期乳腺癌、炎性乳腺癌、腋窝手术史以及乳房缩小或乳房增大成形术史。
放疗的作用
多项随机试验已评估放疗在降低 BCT 后局部复发风险的作用。一项汇总分析证明,与接受 BCT 和放疗的患者相比,在 BCT 后未接受放疗的患者的同侧复发和死亡风险会增加。[195]Vinh-Hung V, Verschraegen C. Breast-conserving surgery with or without radiotherapy: pooled-analysis for risks of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence and mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96:115-121.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/96/2/115.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14734701?tool=bestpractice.com接受保乳治疗患者的同侧复发率和死亡率降低:一项来自 15 项试验(涉及 9422 位患者)汇总分析的高质量证据显示,较 BCT 后接受放疗的患者而言,BCT 后未接受放疗患者的同侧乳腺肿瘤复发相对风险 (RR) 为 3.00(95% 置信区间为 2.65-3.40)。对于同一组,死亡率 RR 为 1.086(95% 置信区间 1.003~1.175),对应于预计的 8.6%(95% 置信区间 0.3%~17.5%)相对过剩死亡率(若未接受放疗)。[195]Vinh-Hung V, Verschraegen C. Breast-conserving surgery with or without radiotherapy: pooled-analysis for risks of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence and mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96:115-121.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/96/2/115.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14734701?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。一项对随机试验的个人患者数据进行的广泛荟萃分析发现,癌症早期行保留乳房术后进行化疗可显著降低10年任何(即局部或远端)第一次复发的风险以及15年乳腺癌死亡风险。作者得出结论,放疗可减少一半的疾病复发几率及约六分之一的乳腺癌死亡率。[196]Darby S, McGale P, Correa C, et al; Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). Effect of radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery on 10-year recurrence and 15-year breast cancer death: meta-analysis of individual patient data for 10801 women in 17 randomised trials. Lancet. 2011;378:1707-1716.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3254252/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22019144?tool=bestpractice.com
BCT 后的标准化疗包括对整个乳房进行为期 5 周约 50 Gy 的体外放射治疗。标准分级方案每日接受约 1.8~2 Gy。[197]Bentzen SM, Agrawal RK, Aird EG, et al; START Trialists' Group. The UK Standardisation of Breast Radiotherapy (START) Trial A of radiotherapy hypofractionation for treatment of early breast cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9:331-341.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2323709/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18356109?tool=bestpractice.com[198]Bentzen SM, Agrawal RK, Aird EG, et al; START Trialists' Group. The UK Standardisation of Breast Radiotherapy (START) Trial B of radiotherapy hypofractionation for treatment of early breast cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2008;371:1098-1107.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2277488/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18355913?tool=bestpractice.com[199]James ML, Lehman M, Hider PN, et al. Fraction size in radiation treatment for breast conservation in early breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(3):CD003860.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003860.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18646095?tool=bestpractice.com[200]Whelan TJ, Pignol JP, Levine MN, et al. Long-term results of hypofractionated radiation therapy for breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:513-520.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0906260#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20147717?tool=bestpractice.com
部分乳腺加速放疗 (APBI) 与在全乳腺照射 (WBI)相比,被认为可使疾病得到更好的控制。 [
]How does partial breast irradiation compare with whole breast radiotherapy in women with early breast cancer?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1499/full显示答案 在一项随机Ⅲ期试验中,一组提供 6 周的调强放疗 (IMRT) 联合 WBI,而另一组提供 2 周的指数象限 APBI 联合 IMRT。平均五年的随访显示,两者在同侧乳房肿瘤复发、远处转移或总生存数方面没有差异。可考虑将 APBI 用于肿瘤大小不超过 3 cm 、无广泛导管内或淋巴血管浸润且有至少为 2 mm 阴性边缘的年龄不小于 50 周岁、单中心、单病灶、淋巴结阴性的非小叶乳腺癌患者。[201]Senkus E, Kyriakides S, Ohno S, et al; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Primary breast cancer: ESMO
Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v8-v30.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/suppl_5/v8.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314782?tool=bestpractice.com在此期间,迫切需要对随机 APBI 试验进行长期随访。
除了其在 BCT 之后的作用外,放疗在减少乳房切除术后的局部复发风险中也起着重要作用。一项荟萃分析证明,在乳房切除术女性中,放疗可减少任何复发、局部复发及死亡风险。[202]Whelan TJ, Julian J, Wright J, et al. Does locoregional radiation therapy improve survival in breast cancer? A meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:1220-1229.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10715291?tool=bestpractice.com乳房切除术后接受放疗的复发率与死亡率:一项涉及 6000 例以上患者的 18 项试验荟萃分析的高质量证据显示:在接受乳房切除术的女性中,放疗降低了任何复发风险(比值比 0.69,95% 置信区间 0.58~0.83)、局部复发(比值比 0.25,95% 置信区间 0.19~0.34)和死亡率风险(比值比 0.83,95% 置信区间 0.74~0.94)。[202]Whelan TJ, Julian J, Wright J, et al. Does locoregional radiation therapy improve survival in breast cancer? A meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:1220-1229.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10715291?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。此外,辅助放疗还可提高 MRM 术后化疗患者的生存期。[203]Ragaz J, Olivotto IA, Spinelli JJ, et al. Locoregional radiation therapy in patients with high-risk breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: 20-year results of the British Columbia randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:116-126.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/97/2/116.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15657341?tool=bestpractice.comMRM 后化疗患者接受辅助放疗可以延长生存期:一项涉及 318 例淋巴结阳性的绝经前乳腺癌女性的一项高质量证据随机对照试验显示:CMF 化疗方案(环磷酰胺、甲氨蝶呤和氟尿嘧啶)后行放疗可以延长生存期。[203]Ragaz J, Olivotto IA, Spinelli JJ, et al. Locoregional radiation therapy in patients with high-risk breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: 20-year results of the British Columbia randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:116-126.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/97/2/116.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15657341?tool=bestpractice.com随访20年后发现,接受乳房切除术后放疗女性生存期得到提高,无局部复发(RR 0.36,95% 置信区间 0.18~0.71;p = 0.002)、全身无复发生存期(RR 0.66,95% 置信区间 0.49~0.88;p = 0.004)、无乳腺癌生存期(RR 0.63,95% 置信区间 0.47 ~ 0.83;p = 0.001)、无事件生存期(RR 0.70,95% 置信区间 0.54~0.92;p = 0.009)、乳腺癌特异性生存期(RR 0.67,95% 置信区间 0.49~0.90;p = 0.008)以及总生存期(RR 0.73,95% 置信区间 0.55 ~ 0.98;p = 0.03)。[203]Ragaz J, Olivotto IA, Spinelli JJ, et al. Locoregional radiation therapy in patients with high-risk breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: 20-year results of the British Columbia randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:116-126.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/97/2/116.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15657341?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
乳房切除术后放射的建议包括患者有阳性手术边缘、T3/T4 肿瘤和/或≥4 个阳性腋窝淋巴结。[204]Recht A, Edge SB, Solin LJ, et al. Postmastectomy radiotherapy: clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:1539-1569.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2001.19.5.1539http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11230499?tool=bestpractice.com[205]Harris JR, Halpin-Murphy P, McNeese M, et al. Consensus statement on postmastectomy radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;44:989-990.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10421530?tool=bestpractice.com此外,应考虑将它用于有 T1/T2 肿瘤和 1-3 个受累淋巴结的患者,以及那些有 T1/T2 肿瘤且前哨淋巴结活检结果呈阳性的患者。[104]Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Treatment of primary breast cancer: a national clinical guideline. September 2013. http://www.sign.ac.uk/ (last accessed 27 October 2016).http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/SIGN134.pdf[206]Sautter-Bihl ML, Souchon R, Budach W, et al. DEGRO practical guidelines for radiotherapy of breast cancer II. Postmastectomy radiotherapy, irradiation of regional lymphatics, and treatment of locally advanced disease. Strahlenther Onkol. 2008;184:347-353.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016032?tool=bestpractice.com[207]Recht A, Comen EA, Fine RE, et al. Postmastectomy radiotherapy: an American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society for Radiation Oncology, and Society of Surgical Oncology focused guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Sep 19 [Epub ahead of print].http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2016.69.1188http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27646947?tool=bestpractice.com
部分乳腺放疗应作为临床试验的一部分进行。[182]Sautter-Bihl ML, Budach W, Dunst J, et al. DEGRO practical guidelines for radiotherapy of breast cancer I: breast-conserving therapy. Strahlenther Onkol. 2007;183:661-666.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18040609?tool=bestpractice.com对于没有资格参加试验的患者,美国放射肿瘤学会与欧洲近距离放疗协作组-欧洲放射肿瘤学会 (American Society for Radiation Oncology and the Groupe Europeen de Curietherapie-European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, GEC-ESTRO) 乳腺癌工作小组已就部分乳腺放疗的适当患者选择发表共识声明。[208]Smith BD, Arthur DW, Buchholz TA, et al. Accelerated partial breast irradiation consensus statement from the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;74:987-1001.http://www.redjournal.org/article/S0360-3016(09)00313-7/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19545784?tool=bestpractice.com[209]Polgár C, Van Limbergen E, Pötter R, et al. Patient selection for accelerated partial-breast irradiation (APBI) after breast-conserving surgery: recommendations of the Groupe Européen de Curietherapie-European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (GEC-ESTRO) breast cancer working group based on clinical evidence (2009). Radiother Oncol. 2010;94:264-273.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20181402?tool=bestpractice.com针对所选早期乳腺癌患者的体外放射治疗的其他替代(例如单剂量术中放疗)也正在接受前瞻性评估。[210]Vaidya JS, Joseph DJ, Tobias JS, et al. Targeted intraoperative radiotherapy versus whole breast radiotherapy for breast cancer (TARGIT-A trial): an international, prospective, randomised, non-inferiority phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2010;376:91-102. [Erratum in: Lancet. 2010;376:90.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20570343?tool=bestpractice.com
已在那些已接受保乳手术的淋巴结阳性或高风险的淋巴结阴性乳腺癌患者中评估全乳放疗基础上添加区域淋巴结放疗的效果。在这项研究中,女性被随机分配到全乳放疗与区域淋巴结放疗联合治疗组和单独全乳放疗治疗组中。虽然全乳放疗联合区域淋巴结放疗可降低乳腺癌复发率,但未能提高总生存期。[211]Whelan TJ, Olivotto IA, Parulekar WR, et al. Regional nodal irradiation in early-stage breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:307-316.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26200977?tool=bestpractice.com
生理年龄考量因素
老年人口的治疗选择需要仔细考虑。早期乳腺癌试验者协作小组发现基于蒽环类药物的综合化学疗法(例如氟尿嘧啶、多柔比星和环磷酰胺 (FAC) 或氟尿嘧啶、表柔比星和环磷酰胺 (FEC))可将 50 岁以下女性乳腺癌患者的年死亡率降低 38%,而 50~69 岁的乳腺癌死亡率只能降低 20%,不管结节状况、肿瘤特征、他莫昔芬的使用及雌激素受体状态是什么。[212]Clarke M, Coates AS, Darby SC, et al; Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). Adjuvant chemotherapy in oestrogen-receptor-poor breast cancer: patient-level meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2008;371:29-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18177773?tool=bestpractice.com在70 岁以上的患者中未看到综合化学疗法的明显效益。[213]Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet. 2005;365:1687-1717.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15894097?tool=bestpractice.com
但 2 项回顾性研究(评估监测、流行病学与最终结果数据库)发现在老年人中使用化疗可持续提高总生存数,尤其是对于患有淋巴结阳性、激素受体阴性疾病的患者。[214]Elkin EB, Hurria A, Mitra N, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy and survival in older women with hormone receptor-negative breast cancer: assessing outcome in a population-based, observational cohort. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2757-2764.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2005.03.6053http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16782916?tool=bestpractice.com[215]Giordano SH, Duan Z, Kuo YF, et al. Use and outcomes of adjuvant chemotherapy in older women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2750-2756.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2005.02.3028http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16782915?tool=bestpractice.com癌症和白血病 B 组试验 49907 中,评估卡培他滨的辅助治疗作用,数据显示其不如标准化疗。该试验进一步支持在 65 岁以上的女性患者中使用标准辅助化疗。[216]Muss HB, Berry DA, Cirrincione CT, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy in older women with early-stage breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2055-2065.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0810266#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19439741?tool=bestpractice.com
因此,虽然化疗在 50 岁以下的女性患者中比在 50 岁以上的女性患者中更有效,但所有年龄组化疗均显示有效力。
建议中对老年患者适当使用辅助内分泌治疗。乳腺癌国际协作组 (BIG) 1-98 试验确认 AI 各年龄组的无病生存期均优于他莫昔芬。[217]Crivellari D, Sun Z, Coates AS, et al. Letrozole compared with tamoxifen for elderly patients with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer: the BIG 1-98 trial. Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1972-1979.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2007.14.0459http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18332471?tool=bestpractice.comMA.17 试验结果支持在他莫昔芬后延长辅助芳香化酶抑制剂治疗可为老年人带来额外收益。[218]Muss HB, Tu D, Ingle JN, et al. Efficacy, toxicity, and quality of life in older women with early-stage breast cancer treated with letrozole or placebo after 5 years of tamoxifen: NCIC CTG intergroup trial MA.17. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1956-1964.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2007.12.6334http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18332474?tool=bestpractice.com有关合并症应指导治疗的开始和选择的讨论。
骨质疏松症预防与骨保护剂的使用
一项评估非转移性乳腺癌女性患者椎骨骨折风险的队列研究显示,初次诊断时的椎骨骨折发生率是正常的女性的近 5 倍(比值比 4.7,95% 置信区间 2.3~9.9),这确认了乳腺癌的治疗会对骨健康造成不利影响这一假设。[219]Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Powles T, et al. A high incidence of vertebral fracture in women with breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1999;79:1179-1181.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10098755?tool=bestpractice.com使用内分泌治疗(例如 AI)可进一步降低骨密度 (BMD)。例如,阿那曲唑、他莫昔芬的单独或联合研究显示,在接受 2 年的阿那曲唑治疗后,腰椎 BMD 平均流失 4.1%,髋关节 BMD 平均流失 3.9%。[220]Eastell R, Hannon RA, Cuzick J, et al. Effect of an aromatase inhibitor on BMD and bone turnover markers: 2-year results of the Anastrozole, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) trial (18233230). J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21:1215-1223.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1359/jbmr.060508/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16869719?tool=bestpractice.com美国临床肿瘤学会 (ASCO) 建议乳腺癌女性患者通过摄取充足的钙和维生素 D、进行负重锻炼和避免吸烟来维持骨健康。[221]Hillner BE, Ingle JN, Chlebowski RT, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2003 update on the role of bisphosphonates and bone health issues in women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:4042-4057.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2003.08.017http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12963702?tool=bestpractice.com
多项试验已对预防性双膦酸盐在辅助治疗中用于预防骨质流失和改善肿瘤结果方面的作用进行评估。ABCSG-12 试验数据表明,绝经前女性,与单独的内分泌治疗和卵巢抑制相比,联合使用唑来膦酸和内分泌治疗可防止骨质流失并提高无病生存期。[172]Gnant M, Mlineritsch B, Schippinger W, et al. Endocrine therapy plus zoledronic acid in premenopausal breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:679-691.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0806285#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19213681?tool=bestpractice.com[173]Gnant M, Mlineritsch B, Stoeger H, et al; Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group. Adjuvant endocrine therapy plus zoledronic acid in premenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer: 62-month follow-up from the ABCSG-12 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:631-641.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21641868?tool=bestpractice.com[222]Gnant M, Mlineritsch B, Luschin-Ebengreuth G, et al. Adjuvant endocrine therapy plus zoledronic acid in premenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer: 5-year follow-up of the ABCSG-12 bone-mineral density substudy. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9:840-849.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18718815?tool=bestpractice.com另两项针对绝经后乳腺癌患者的辅助试验 Z-FAST 和 AZURE 并未显示唑来膦酸会提高乳腺癌复发率。[223]Brufsky AM, Harker WG, Beck JT, et al. Final 5-year results of Z-FAST trial: adjuvant zoledronic acid maintains bone mass in postmenopausal breast cancer patients receiving letrozole. Cancer. 2012;118:1192-1201.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21987386?tool=bestpractice.com[224]Coleman RE, Marshall H, Cameron D et al. Breast-cancer adjuvant therapy with zoledronic acid. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1396-1405.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21995387?tool=bestpractice.comZO-FAST 研究的数据表明,与单独使用来曲唑相比,在使用来曲唑的绝经后女性中立即使用唑来膦酸可保持 BMD 并提高无病生存期和减少局部和远处复发。[225]Coleman R, de Boer R, Eidtmann H, et al. Zoledronic acid (zoledronate) for postmenopausal women with early breast cancer receiving adjuvant letrozole (ZO-FAST study): final 60-month results. Ann Oncol. 2013;24:398-405.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23047045?tool=bestpractice.com此外,一项包括 17,000 多名女性的随机试验的个人患者数据的荟萃分析报道称,辅助双膦酸盐治疗可将绝经后早期乳腺癌女性患者的骨复发率降低 34%,将乳腺癌死亡率降低 17%,但这些结果在绝经前女性患者中没有明显改善。该收益不受 OR 状态、淋巴结状态、化疗的使用以及所使用双膦酸盐的类型的影响。[226]Coleman R, Gnant M, Paterson A, et al. Effects of bisphosphonate treatment on recurrence and cause-specific mortality in women with early breast cancer: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. 36th Annual San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, San Antonio, TX; 2013. Abstract S4-07.
基于此最新分析,应考虑将双膦酸盐治疗用于绝经后乳腺癌女性患者,尤其是有骨质流失或服用 AI 的患者。患者与医生应就该条件下双膦酸盐治疗的风险(包括颚骨坏死和低钙血症)和获益进行讨论。所有患者在接受骨保护剂治疗之前都应接受牙科检查和适当的牙齿治疗。[104]Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Treatment of primary breast cancer: a national clinical guideline. September 2013. http://www.sign.ac.uk/ (last accessed 27 October 2016).http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/SIGN134.pdf
狄诺塞麦 (Denosumab) 是一种与 RANKL(核因子 κB 配体的受体激活剂)结合的人 IgG2 单克隆抗体,现在可用作双膦酸盐的替代物用于接受 AI 的患者的骨质疏松症预防治疗。[227]Ellis GK, Bone HG, Chlebowski R, et al. Randomized trial of denosumab in patients receiving adjuvant aromatase inhibitors for nonmetastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:4875-4882.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2008.16.3832http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18725648?tool=bestpractice.comABCSG-18 是一项前瞻性双盲安慰剂对照Ⅲ期试验,发现辅助使用狄诺塞麦可降低使用芳香化酶抑制剂的乳腺癌绝经后女性患者的骨折风险。[228]Gnant M, Pfeiler G, Dubsky PC, et al; Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group. Adjuvant denosumab in breast cancer (ABCSG-18): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;386:433-443.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26040499?tool=bestpractice.com为更好地确定狄诺塞麦在预防绝经后患者骨质流失中的作用和剂量,进一步研究 (D-CARE2) 正在进行。
复发
接受保乳手术治疗的患者每年的复发率约为 1%-2%。复发风险增加的患者包括年轻患者、手术边缘阳性的患者、有广泛导管内浸润的患者以及未进行放疗的患者。这些复发往往在完成治疗 3~5 年后出现,且最常出现于与初始病变相同的象限。在乳房切除术病例中,90% 的局部复发出现于前 5 年。快速识别肿瘤复发是密切随访成像的目标。[59]American College of Radiology. ACR practice parameter for the performance of screening and diagnostic mammography. 2014. http://www.acr.org/ (last accessed 26 October 2016).http://www.acr.org/~/media/ACR/Documents/PGTS/guidelines/Screening_Mammography.pdf
局部区域复发的治疗需要多学科团队的配合以确定手术、放疗和全身性治疗的作用和时机。局部治疗的考量因素包括确定复发是否出现在之前已照射的部位、是否存在远处转移以及复发疾病累及的部位个数。手术的考量因素包括取得阴性边缘的能力以及患者在切除术前是否需要全身性治疗。[229]American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: local-regional recurrence (LRR) and salvage surgery - breast cancer. 2013. http://www.acr.org/ (last accessed 27 October 2016).https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69387/Narrative/
必须将优先干预考虑到复发后的全身治疗。SoFEA 试验发现,对于使用非类固醇芳香化酶抑制剂后进展为激素受体阳性乳腺癌的绝经后女性患者,用氟维司群加雌激素剥夺进行双药内分泌治疗的效果并没有比单独使用氟维司群或依西美坦治疗的效果更好。[230]Johnston SR, Kilburn LS, Ellis P, et al; SoFEA investigators. Fulvestrant plus anastrozole or placebo versus exemestane alone after progression on non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors in postmenopausal patients with hormone-receptor-positive locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer (SoFEA): a composite, multicentre, phase 3 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:989-998.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(13)70322-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23902874?tool=bestpractice.com其他两项研究(SWOG 0226 和 FACT)也已检测了氟维司群与芳香化酶抑制剂联合治疗与芳香化酶抑制剂单药治疗的益处,其中联合治疗似乎更有益于未接受过内分泌治疗的患者。[231]Mehta RS, Barlow WE, Albain KS, et al. Combination anastrozole and fulvestrant in metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:435-444.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1201622#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22853014?tool=bestpractice.com[232]Bergh J, Jönsson PE, Lidbrink EK, et al. FACT: an open-label randomized phase III study of fulvestrant and anastrozole in combination compared with anastrozole alone as first-line therapy for patients with receptor-positive postmenopausal breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:1919-1925.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2011.38.1095http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22370325?tool=bestpractice.com因为这是一个罕见的患者群体,所以标准治疗仍然是激素单药治疗。对于已完全切除的乳腺癌孤立性局部区域复发,辅助化疗可提高无病生存期,应予以考虑,尤其是复发为三阴性时。[233]Aebi S, Gelber S, Anderson SJ, et al; CALOR investigators. Chemotherapy for isolated locoregional recurrence of breast cancer (CALOR): a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:156-163.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3982874/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24439313?tool=bestpractice.com
男性乳腺癌
男性乳腺癌在所有乳腺癌中所占的比例不到 1%,此临床实体的治疗是从女性乳腺癌治疗的相关数据中外推得出的。由欧洲癌症治疗研究组织 (EORTC) 与乳腺癌转化研究联合会 (TBCRC) 整合的国际联合会以 1473 名男性乳腺癌患者为特征。生物标志物分析显示超过 90% 的患者的雌激素受体高度阳性,而 35% 的患者为孕激素受体 (PR) 阳性。88% 的肿瘤大量表达雄激素受体;然而,只有 9% 对 HER2 呈阳性。不到 1% 的肿瘤为三阴性。[234]Cardoso F, Bartlett J, Slaets L, et al. Characterization of male breast cancer: first results of the EORTC10085/TBCRC/BIG/NABCG International Male BC Program. Presented at: San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. San Antonio, TX: December 2014. Abstract S6-05.由于该疾病较为罕见,大部分男性乳腺癌的治疗建议源于回顾性研究和涉及女性乳腺癌的随机试验的有限外推。
男性乳腺癌的局部治疗通常涉及 MRM,因为回顾性研究已证明,乳房根治术不会改善复发风险或生存期。[235]Gough DB, Donohue JH, Evans MM, et al. A 50-year experience of male breast cancer: is outcome changing? Surg Oncol. 1993;2:325-333.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8130939?tool=bestpractice.com[236]Cutuli B, Lacroze M, Dilhuydy JM, et al. Male breast cancer: results of the treatments and prognostic factors in 397 cases. Eur J Cancer. 1995;31A:1960-1964.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8562148?tool=bestpractice.com但乳房根治术可能仍然是疾病累及胸大肌或 Rotter′s 淋巴结的男性患者的一个治疗选择。[237]Borgen PI, Wong GY, Vlamis V, et al. Current management of male breast cancer. A review of 104 cases. Ann Surg. 1992;215:451-457.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1242473/pdf/annsurg00087-0073.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1319699?tool=bestpractice.com
涉及 100 次男性乳腺癌 SLN 手术的有限数据显示,识别率为 96%;而只有 13 名患者在阴性 SLN 活检后进行了完全腋窝淋巴结清扫术,没有假阴性。[238]Rusby JE, Smith BL, Dominguez FJ, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in men with breast cancer: a report of 31 consecutive procedures and review of the literature. Clin Breast Cancer. 2006;7:406-410.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17239266?tool=bestpractice.com因此,一个 ASCO 专家组认为男性SLN 活检准确率未必在女性之下。[185]Lyman GH, Giuliano AE, Somerfield MR, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline recommendations for sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7703-7720.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2005.08.001http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16157938?tool=bestpractice.com
辅助全身治疗建议主要是基于女性乳腺癌的随机临床试验。回顾性研究已证明,辅助全身治疗能为男性带来获益,其中最大的获益与内分泌治疗相关。[239]Giordano SH, Perkins GH, Broglio K, et al. Adjuvant systemic therapy for male breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2005;104:2359-2364.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.21526/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16270318?tool=bestpractice.com例如,德克萨斯大学安德森癌症中心的一项 156 名男性乳腺癌患者的回顾性研究显示,进行辅助内分泌治疗的患者的复发(风险比 0.49,95% 置信区间 0.27~0.90)与生存(风险比0.45,95% 置信区间 0.25~0.84)时间明显更高。[239]Giordano SH, Perkins GH, Broglio K, et al. Adjuvant systemic therapy for male breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2005;104:2359-2364.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.21526/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16270318?tool=bestpractice.com尤其是,他莫昔芬与 61% 的 5 年精算生存率相关,与历史对照的 44% 相比 (p = 0.006)。[240]Ribeiro G, Swindell R. Adjuvant tamoxifen for male breast cancer (MBC). Br J Cancer. 1992;65:252-254.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1739625?tool=bestpractice.com因此,对于激素受体阳性乳腺癌男性患者,通常建议进行 5 年的辅助他莫昔芬治疗。[104]Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Treatment of primary breast cancer: a national clinical guideline. September 2013. http://www.sign.ac.uk/ (last accessed 27 October 2016).http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/SIGN134.pdf