选择性雌激素受体 (OR) 调节剂(如他莫昔芬)已用于乳腺癌的初级预防。[50]Visvanathan K, Hurley P, Bantug E, et al. Use of pharmacologic interventions for breast cancer risk reduction: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:2942-2962.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2013.49.3122http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23835710?tool=bestpractice.com他莫昔芬在此情况下的使用受到了多个试验的研究,包括美国乳腺与肠道外科辅助治疗研究组 (NSABP) P-1 试验,表明对于乳腺癌进展风险更高的女性,他莫昔芬可降低43%的浸润性乳腺癌患病危险度。[51]Fisher B, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al. Tamoxifen for the prevention of breast cancer: current status of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:1652-1662.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/97/22/1652.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16288118?tool=bestpractice.com其他 OR 调节剂(包括依西美坦和阿那曲唑)也表明可有效降低高危女性形成浸润性乳腺癌的风险。[52]Goss PE, Ingle JN, Alés-Martínez JE, et al; NCIC CTG MAP.3 Study Investigators. Exemestane for breast-cancer prevention in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:2381-2391.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1103507#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21639806?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Cuzick J, Sestak I, Forbes JF, et al; IBIS-II investigators. Anastrozole for prevention of breast cancer in high-risk postmenopausal women (IBIS-II): an international, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;383:1041-1048.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)62292-8/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24333009?tool=bestpractice.com
已显示他莫昔芬可有益于乳腺癌高危女性,特别是有家族史或遗传背景的癌症风险明显较高的患者。为期 16 年的国际乳腺癌干预试验 I (IBIS-I) 随访显示,相较 5 年的安慰剂,随机接受 5 年他莫昔芬治疗的女性其患乳腺癌的风险降低了 29%。IBIS-I 研究纳入超过 7000 名绝经前和绝经后的女性,其因显著家庭史而被认为是乳腺癌高危人群。在平均随访 16 年后,随机接受他莫昔芬治疗的女性患乳腺癌的比例为 7%,而服用安慰剂的为 9.8%。亚组分析显示,雌激素受体阳性疾病和导管原位癌的风险降低最为明显;然而,他莫昔芬并未显著降低浸润性雌激素受体阴性乳腺癌的风险。[54]Cuzick J, Sestak I, Cawthorn S, et al. 16 year long-term follow-up of the IBIS-I breast cancer prevention trial. Presented at: San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. San Antonio, TX: December 2014. Abstract S3-07.
预防性乳房切除术可降低高危患者>90% 的乳腺癌风险。对于 30 多岁的女性,预防性卵巢切除术可降低高危患者>60% 的乳腺癌风险。[55]Rebbeck TR, Friebel T, Lynch HT, et al. Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy reduces breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: the PROSE Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1055-1062.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2004.04.188http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14981104?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Rebbeck TR, Lynch HT, Neuhausen SL, et al. Prophylactic oophorectomy in carriers of BRCA-1 or BRCA-2 mutations. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1616-1622.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa012158#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12023993?tool=bestpractice.com
国家癌症研究所研发了交互式评估工具以评估女性患浸润性乳腺癌的风险。National Cancer Institute: breast cancer risk assessment tool