乳房 X 线摄影
一篇对乳房 X 线摄影在乳腺癌筛查中效用的综述中指出,每 2000 名接受乳房 X 线摄影筛查的女性中有 1 例因这一过程而延长了寿命。[91]Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen KJ. Screening for breast cancer with mammography. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD001877.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001877.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23737396?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does screening with mammography for breast cancer affect mortality and morbidity?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.872/full显示答案 然而,加拿大一项国家乳腺筛查研究将患者随机分为单独以临床检查筛查及临床检查与乳房 X 线摄影共同筛查两组。[92]Miller AB, To T, Baines CJ, et al. Canadian National Breast Screening Study-2: 13-year results of a randomized trial in women aged 50-59 years. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:1490-1499.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/92/18/1490.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10995804?tool=bestpractice.com经过13 年随访,这 2 组间的乳腺癌死亡率并没有显著差异。
乳房 X 线摄影的阳性预测值在高危人群中更高。一项更新的评估乳房 X 线摄影检查的 meta 分析显示,在 50-59 周岁的女性中乳腺癌死亡的相对风险 (RR) 为 0.86,在 60`69 周岁的女性中为 0.67,在 70-74 周岁的女性中为 0.80。在 39-49 周岁的女性中,RR 上升至 0.88。[93]U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for breast cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. January 2016. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/ (last accessed 27 October 2016).https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/breast-cancer-screening1
每 2 年的乳房 X 线摄影筛查已显示对 50~69 岁女性乳腺癌死亡率降低的影响最大;因此,欧盟等国支持这一年龄组中的乳房 X 线摄影筛查。然而,在 40~49 岁的女性中是否观察到相同效应尚不清楚。[91]Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen KJ. Screening for breast cancer with mammography. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD001877.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001877.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23737396?tool=bestpractice.com
美国癌症学会 (American Cancer Society)、美国妇产科医师学会 (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists)、美国放射学会 (American College of Radiology) 和美国国家癌症研究所 (National Cancer Institute) 建议平均风险的女性应在 40 周岁时开始或考虑开始进行每年一次的乳房 X 线摄影筛查。[59]American College of Radiology. ACR practice parameter for the performance of screening and diagnostic mammography. 2014. http://www.acr.org/ (last accessed 26 October 2016).http://www.acr.org/~/media/ACR/Documents/PGTS/guidelines/Screening_Mammography.pdf[94]Oeffinger KC, Fontham ET, Etzioni R, et al; American Cancer Society. Breast cancer screening for women at average risk: 2015 guideline update from the American Cancer Society. JAMA. 2015;314:1599-1614.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2463262http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26501536?tool=bestpractice.com[95]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG statement on breast cancer screening guidelines. January 2016. http://www.acog.org/ (last accessed 26 October 2016).http://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/News-Room/Statements/2016/ACOG-Statement-on-Breast-Cancer-Screening-Guidelines[96]National Cancer Institute. Breast cancer screening (PDQ®) - health professional version. October 2016. https://www.cancer.gov/ (last accessed 26 October 2016).https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/hp/breast-screening-pdq
美国预防医学工作组建议 50-74 周岁的女性进行两年一次的乳房 X 线摄影筛查。[93]U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for breast cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. January 2016. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/ (last accessed 27 October 2016).https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/breast-cancer-screening140-49 周岁的女性可以根据家族史和患者偏好进行乳房 X 线摄影检查,因为工作组已确定筛查的益处略大于危害。建议或反对 75 周岁及以上的女性进行乳房 X 线摄影筛查的证据仍不充分。
围绕乳房 X 线摄影筛查的争议持续存在。经瑞士各州、瑞士医学协会和瑞士医学科学院卫生部长会议批准,瑞士医疗委员会(一家独立的卫生技术评估机构)得出的结论是筛查的好处并不明显大于危害。因此,专家组建议不引进新的系统性乳房 X 线摄影筛查项目,且应将该系统性筛查信息用于帮助女性作出个人选择。[97]Biller-Andorno N, Jüni P. Abolishing mammography screening programs? A view from the Swiss Medical Board. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1965-1967.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1401875http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24738641?tool=bestpractice.com
在英国,NHS 乳房筛查项目每 3 年为 50~70 岁间的所有女性提供常规乳房筛查服务。在英格兰,到 2016 年年底,常规乳房检查的年龄范围将扩展至 47~73 岁。NHS Breast Screening (BSP) Programme
英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所 (NICE) 也作出如下建议以监测乳腺癌风险增加的女性:[14]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Familial breast cancer: classification, care and managing breast cancer and related risks in people with a family history of breast cancer. August 2015. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 26 October 2016).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg164
磁共振成像 (MRI)
美国癌症学会和美国放射学会建议对具有如下情况的女性每年进行 MRI 筛查,作为乳房 X 线摄影检查的辅助检查:[63]American College of Radiology. ACR practice parameter for the performance of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast. 2014. http://www.acr.org/ (last accessed 26 October 2016).http://www.acr.org/~/media/ACR/Documents/PGTS/guidelines/MRI_Breast.pdf[98]American Cancer Society. American Cancer Society recommendations for early breast cancer detection in women without breast symptoms. October 2015. http://www.cancer.org/ (last accessed 26 October 2016).http://www.cancer.org/cancer/breastcancer/moreinformation/breastcancerearlydetection/breast-cancer-early-detection-acs-recs
BRCA1 或 BRCA2 基因突变
有 BRCA1 或 BRCA2 突变的一级亲属,但自身未经检测
罹患乳腺癌的终生风险是 20%-25%(根据风险评估工具)
10-30 周岁间接受过胸部放疗
李弗劳明综合征 (Li-Fraumeni Syndrome)、Cowden 综合征或 Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba 综合征,或者一级亲属具有其中一种综合征。
前 3 种情况基于至少 6 项前瞻性非随机研究的证据,且这些研究表明,对于这些高风险人群,MRI 的敏感性更高(71%-100%,而乳房 X 线摄影检查的敏感性为 16%-40%)。[64]Saslow D, Boetes C, Burke W, et al. American Cancer Society guidelines for breast screening with MRI as an adjunct to mammography. CA Cancer J Clin. 2007;57:75-89.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17392385?tool=bestpractice.com其他情况基于专家意见。MRI 有潜在风险,包括大量的回访、不必要的活检和费用。
在英国,NICE 也作出如下建议以对乳腺癌风险增加的女性进行 MRI 监测:[14]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Familial breast cancer: classification, care and managing breast cancer and related risks in people with a family history of breast cancer. August 2015. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 26 October 2016).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg164
每年为女性提供 MRI 监测服务
30~49 岁,尚未接受基因检测但成为 BRCA突变可能性大于 30%
30~49 岁,具有已知 BRCA1 或 BRCA2 突变
20~49 岁,尚未接受基因检测但成为 TP53 突变可能性大于 30%
20~49 岁,具有已知 TP53 突变。
临床乳房检查
美国国家乳腺癌、宫颈癌早期检测计划发现将临床乳房检查加入到乳房 X 线摄影中会增加癌症检测率,这样5%的乳腺癌在早期通过单独临床乳房检查可检测出(而乳房 X 射线摄影结果为阴性、良性或可能良性)。[99]Bobo JK, Lee NC, Thames SF, et al. Findings from 752,081 clinical breast examinations reported to a national screening program from 1995 through 1998. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:971-976.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/92/12/971.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10861308?tool=bestpractice.com因此,建议患者从 20 岁开始每年接受临床乳房检查。[100]Toward Optimized Practice. Breast cancer screening: clinical practice guideline. September 2013. http://www.topalbertadoctors.org/ (last accessed 27 October 2016).http://www.topalbertadoctors.org/download/243/breast_cancer_guideline.pdf
超声检查
在无可触及肿物或乳房 X 线摄影无异常的情况下,并不建议将超声检查作为筛查方式。[67]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology: breast cancer screening and diagnosis. 2016. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 27 October 2016).https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#detection[101]Albert US, Altland H, Duda V, et al. 2008 update of the guideline: early detection of breast cancer in Germany. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2009;135:339-354.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18661152?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Harnett A, Smallwood J, Titshall V, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of early breast cancer, including locally advanced disease: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2009;338:b438.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19244302?tool=bestpractice.com
基因检测
应对符合如下标准的具有乳腺癌家族史(母亲或父亲)的女性进行咨询和可能的基因检测:[100]Toward Optimized Practice. Breast cancer screening: clinical practice guideline. September 2013. http://www.topalbertadoctors.org/ (last accessed 27 October 2016).http://www.topalbertadoctors.org/download/243/breast_cancer_guideline.pdf[103]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: breast cancer risk reduction. 2015. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 27 October 2016).https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#detection
在任何年龄患有乳腺癌,至少 1 位在小于等于 50 岁时患有乳腺癌的密切血亲,或至少 1 位在任何年龄患有卵巢上皮性癌的密切血亲,或至少 2 位在任何年龄患有乳腺癌和/或胰腺癌的密切血亲
至少 1 位同一家族的家族成员患有乳腺癌和至少 1 种如下疾病:胰腺癌、前列腺癌症(Gleason 评分≥7)、肉瘤、肾上腺皮质癌、脑肉瘤、子宫内膜癌、白血病/淋巴瘤;甲状腺癌症、Cowden 综合征的皮肤病表现,和/或巨头畸形、胃肠道错构息肉;弥漫性胃癌
双侧乳腺癌原发于单一个体中
三阴性 (ER-, PR-, HER2-) 乳腺癌
50 岁及以下患乳腺癌
卵巢癌
男性乳腺癌
德系犹太人家族患有乳腺癌或卵巢癌
已知的家族内乳腺癌遗传倾向(即,BRCA1/2、TP53、PTEN、CDH1、STK11 或其他基因突变)。
层析 X 射线摄影合成
层析 X 射线摄影合成是三维成像技术,其可与数字乳房 X 射线照片同步进行。2011 年,层析 X 射线摄影合成,结合标准乳房 X 线数字摄影术,被美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 批准用于乳腺癌筛查。将乳房层析 X 射线摄影合成添加到筛查乳房 X 线照相可使假阳性降低 15%~30%,而使癌症检出率增加 30%~50%。[67]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology: breast cancer screening and diagnosis. 2016. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 27 October 2016).https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#detection[68]Skaane P, Bandos AI, Gullien R, et al. Comparison of digital mammography alone and digital mammography plus tomosynthesis in a population-based screening program. Radiology. 2013;267:47-56.http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/radiol.12121373http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23297332?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Ciatto S, Houssami N, Bernardi D, et al. Integration of 3D digital mammography with tomosynthesis for population breast-cancer screening (STORM): a prospective comparison study. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:583-589.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23623721?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Friedewald SM, Rafferty EA, Rose SL, et al. Breast cancer screening using tomosynthesis in combination with digital mammography. JAMA. 2014;311:2499-2507.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1883018http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25058084?tool=bestpractice.com然而,美国预防医学工作组 (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force) 表明,目前没有足够证据支持建议或反对使用层析 X 射线照相组合(3-D 数字乳房 X 线照相术)。[93]U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for breast cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. January 2016. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/ (last accessed 27 October 2016).https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/breast-cancer-screening1