在过去,乳腺导管原位癌需要全乳切除。 一种可保乳的同样有效替代治疗是阴性边缘局部切除后乳房放射治疗。[52]Fisher ER, Sass R, Fisher B, et al. Pathologic findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project (protocol 6). I. Intraductal carcinoma (DCIS). Cancer. 1986;57:197-208.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3002577?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Moran MS, Bai HX, Harris EE, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria(®) ductal carcinoma in situ. Breast J. 2012;18:8-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22107336?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Fung E, Hendry J. External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) techniques used in breast cancer treatment to reduce cardiac exposure. Radiography. 2013;19:73-78.http://www.radiographyonline.com/article/S1078-8174(12)00094-6/abstract对于单部位疾病,切除乳房还是保留乳房是由患者决定的。 如果肿瘤位于两个象限,则需行乳房切除术。 一般来说,局部复发也应首选乳房切除术。[55]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: breast cancer [internet publication].https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site
小叶原位癌的治疗包括观察和咨询,或者预防性双侧乳房切除术。
导管原位癌 (DCIS)
治疗方案依据USC/Van Nuys评分 治疗包括联合或不联合体外放疗的完全切除或乳房切除术。 一些患者可能选择乳房切除术(不论预后评分如何),但有证据显示,完全切除联合体外放疗在总生存期方面与乳房切除术相同。 尽管如此,完全切除联合放射治疗的女性仍可能出现局部复发,治疗方法为乳房切除术。 对于绝经前女性和年龄在 60 岁及以上的女性,认为对于降低完全切除联合/不联合放射治疗后的同侧乳腺风险,和降低乳房切除术或完全切除联合/不联合放射治疗后对侧乳腺风险,他莫昔芬是一线治疗。[55]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: breast cancer [internet publication].https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site 可以有效地预防雌激素受体阳性的乳腺导管原位癌或侵袭性癌的复发,而且可以减少雌激素受体阳性的乳腺癌在对侧乳房发生的风险。[56]Staley H, McCallum I, Bruce J. Postoperative tamoxifen for ductal carcinoma in situ. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Oct 17;(10):CD007847.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007847.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23076938?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In women with ductal carcinoma in situ, what are the effects of postoperative tamoxifen?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.651/full显示答案 对于 60 岁以下的绝经后女性和血栓栓塞风险增加的女性,认为芳香化酶抑制剂(例如阿那曲唑)是一线治疗。[57]Margolese RG, Cecchini RS, Julian TB, et al. Anastrozole versus tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with ductal carcinoma in situ undergoing lumpectomy plus radiotherapy (NSABP B-35): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 clinical trial. Lancet. 2016 Feb 27;387(10021):849-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26686957?tool=bestpractice.com
低分数
低分数的乳腺导管原位癌(评分4至6)均可仅行切除术,只要保证任何方向的切缘阴性,最好为1cm。 如果有一个阳性或接近阳性的切缘,应接受放疗以降低复发风险。 [
]How does partial breast irradiation compare with whole breast radiotherapy in women with early breast cancer?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1499/full显示答案 一些报告补充了所有 DCIS 女性在保乳手术后进行放射疗法的获益。[58]Scalliet PG, Kirkove C. Breast cancer in elderly women: can radiotherapy be omitted? Eur J Cancer. 2007 Oct;43(15):2264-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17643291?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Fisher B, Redmond C, Poisson R, et al. Eight-year results of a randomized clinical trial comparing total mastectomy and lumpectomy with or without irradiation in the treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1989 Mar 30;320(13):822-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2927449?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Dunne C, Burke JP, Morrow M, et al. Effect of margin status on local recurrence after breast conservation and radiation therapy for ductal carcinoma in situ. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Apr 1;27(10):1615-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19255332?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Kane RL, Virnig BA, Shamliyan T, et al. The impact of surgery, radiation, and systemic treatment on outcomes in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2010;2010:130-133.http://jncimono.oxfordjournals.org/content/2010/41/130.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20956816?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does post-operative radiotherapy affect outcomes in women with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.748/full显示答案
对于老年女性乳腺导管原位癌目前没有强有力的数据。 来自欧洲乳腺癌专家学会的指南建议≥ 70 岁的局限性 DCIS 健康女性应考虑保乳手术和术后放射治疗。[62]Biganzoli L, Wildiers H, Oakman C, et al. Management of elderly patients with breast cancer: updated recommendations of the International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) and European Society of Breast Cancer Specialists (EUSOMA). Lancet Oncol. 2012 Apr;13(4):e148-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22469125?tool=bestpractice.com 在保乳手术和放射治疗后使用他莫昔芬可减少局部失败率,无论年龄。[63]Petrelli F, Barni S. Tamoxifen added to radiotherapy and surgery for the treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: a meta-analysis of 2 randomized trials. Radiother Oncol. 2011 Aug;100(2):195-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21411161?tool=bestpractice.com 通常通过乳房切除术治疗男性的 DCIS。[31]Cutuli B, Dilhuydy JM, De Lafontan B, et al. Ductal carcinoma in situ of the male breast: analysis of 31 cases. Eur J Cancer. 1997 Jan;33(1):35-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9071896?tool=bestpractice.com
小叶原位癌
治疗包括观察和咨询,联合或不联合长期选择性雌激素受体调节剂或双侧预防性(预防性)乳房切除术。 有研究证明,他莫昔芬可以降低小叶原位癌发展成侵袭性癌的风险。[64]Bevers TB, Armstrong DK, Arun B, Carlson RW, et al. Breast cancer risk reduction. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2010 Oct;8(10):1112-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20971838?tool=bestpractice.com 雷洛昔芬是绝经后女性的一个治疗选择。[65]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: breast cancer risk reduction [internet publication].https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/breast_risk.pdf
基于患者的偏好和进展为侵袭性癌的风险评估来选择观察或双侧乳房切除术。
焦虑未来可能出现侵袭性癌、具有乳腺癌家族史或有患病高风险的女性,可选择双侧乳腺切除术。 偶然发现 LCIS、低风险和低水平焦虑的女性可选择观察疗法,联合或不联合选择性雌激素受体调节剂。
小叶癌,无论原位癌还是浸润癌,在男性中都罕见。[9]San Miguel P, Sancho M, Enriquez JL, et al. Lobular carcinoma of the male breast associated with the use of cimetidine. Virchows Arch. 1997 Mar;430(3):261-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9099985?tool=bestpractice.com