普遍接种含有白喉类毒素的疫苗是唯一有效的预防措施。在美国,通常在婴儿期接种 DTaP,DTaP 为一种含白喉类毒素、破伤风类毒素和无细胞百日咳的联合疫苗。美国 CDC 的免疫实践咨询委员会 (Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, ACIP) 建议,在 2、4、6、15-18 月龄和 4-6 岁接种 5 剂 DTaP 疫苗。如果从第 3 剂开始算起已经过去至少 6 个月,则可以从 12 月龄开始提早接种第 4 剂。如果无意中提前接种了第 4 剂 DTaP 疫苗,ACIP 建议,如果是在第 3 剂后至少 4 个月接种且患儿年龄≥12 个月,则不需要再次接种。[18]Robinson CL, Bernstein H, Romero JR, et al. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger - United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Feb 8;68(5):112-114.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6805a4.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30730870?tool=bestpractice.com 如果第 4 剂在 4 岁或 4 岁后接种,则无需接种第 5 剂 DTaP。[18]Robinson CL, Bernstein H, Romero JR, et al. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger - United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Feb 8;68(5):112-114.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6805a4.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30730870?tool=bestpractice.comCDC: immunisation schedule
2008 年,ACIP 批准了 DTaP-IPV(灭活脊髓灰质炎病毒)联合疫苗的适应证并提供使用指导。[19]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Licensure of a diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed and inactivated poliovirus vaccine and guidance for use as a booster dose. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008 Oct 3;57(39):1078-9.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5739a4.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18830212?tool=bestpractice.com 该疫苗被用作 4-6 岁儿童的第 5 剂 DTaP 和第 4 剂 IPV。但不应用于<4 岁或>7 岁的儿童。ACIP 在 2008 年批准了 DTaP-IPV/Hib 联合疫苗的使用。其免疫原性和副作用与单独组分疫苗相当。该联合疫苗可用于 6 周到 4 岁的儿童。对于儿童,该 4 剂疫苗需要分别在 2、4、6 和 12-15 月龄时接种。[20]Halperin SA, Tapiero B, Diaz-Mitoma F, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a hexavalent diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus-Haemophilus influenzae b conjugate-hepatitis B vaccine at 2, 3, 4, and 12-14 months of age. Vaccine. 2009 Apr 28;27(19):2540-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124057?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Department of Health. Diphtheria: the green book, chapter 15. Apr 2013 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/diphtheria-the-green-book-chapter-15
未接受DTaP疫苗完全免疫接种的 7 至 18 岁儿童应接受一剂Tdap疫苗(最好是第一剂)补种;如果需要额外剂量,应给予Td疫苗。如果 7 岁到 10 岁儿童补种了 1 剂 Tdap,可在 11 至 12 岁时接种青少年 Tdap 疫苗。[18]Robinson CL, Bernstein H, Romero JR, et al. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger - United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Feb 8;68(5):112-114.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6805a4.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30730870?tool=bestpractice.com
11 岁至 18 岁的青少年,如果已完成推荐的 DTaP,应接种单剂 Tdap 加强(比 DTaP 含更少的白喉和百日咳蛋白等,因此副作用,如疼痛、红肿和压痛更少)。[18]Robinson CL, Bernstein H, Romero JR, et al. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger - United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Feb 8;68(5):112-114.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6805a4.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30730870?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Liang JL, Tiwari T, Moro P, et al. Prevention of pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria with vaccines in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2018;67(2):1-44.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/rr/rr6702a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29702631?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Guo B, Page A, Wang H, et al. Systematic review of reporting rates of adverse events following immunization: An international comparison of post-marketing surveillance programs with reference to China. Vaccine. 2013 Jan 11;31(4):603-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23200940?tool=bestpractice.com 此后,成年人应每 10 年接种一次 Td 加强(Td 含破伤风和白喉类毒素)。[23]Kim DK, Hunter P. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older - United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Feb 8;68(5):115-118.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6805a5.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30730868?tool=bestpractice.com ACIP 建议未接种疫苗的 65 岁及以上的成人接种 Tdap。[13]Liang JL, Tiwari T, Moro P, et al. Prevention of pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria with vaccines in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2018;67(2):1-44.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/rr/rr6702a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29702631?tool=bestpractice.com ACIP 建议孕妇在每次妊娠期间接种一剂 Tdap 疫苗(最好是在妊娠第 27 至 36 周),无论距离前一次 Td 或 Tdap 疫苗接种的时间有多久。[23]Kim DK, Hunter P. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older - United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Feb 8;68(5):115-118.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6805a5.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30730868?tool=bestpractice.com[24]ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice, Immunization and Emerging Infections Expert Work Group. Committee opinion no. 718. Update on immunization and pregnancy: tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccination. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Sep;130(3):e153-7.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2017/09000/Committee_Opinion_No__718___Update_on_Immunization.49.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28832489?tool=bestpractice.com 妊娠期间的 Tdap 疫苗接种与出生后 6 个月内婴儿住院或死亡的风险增加无关。[25]Sukumaran L, McCarthy NL, Kharbanda EO, et al. Infant hospitalizations and mortality after maternal vaccination. Pediatrics. 2018;141(3):e20173310.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/141/3/e20173310.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29463582?tool=bestpractice.com
3 剂基础免疫接种史不明或不完整的青少年和成人应接受 3 剂含 Td 疫苗的基础免疫接种系列疫苗。前 2 剂应至少间隔 4 周,第 3 剂应在第 2 剂后 6 至 12 个月接种。为增加对抗百日咳这一保护作用,可以用 Tdap 疫苗替代 3 剂基础免疫疫苗中的任何一剂 Td。[13]Liang JL, Tiwari T, Moro P, et al. Prevention of pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria with vaccines in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2018;67(2):1-44.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/rr/rr6702a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29702631?tool=bestpractice.com
在英国,白喉疫苗通常作为 DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB 疫苗(白喉、破伤风、百日咳/脊髓灰质炎/b 型嗜血杆菌流感/乙型肝炎疫苗)的一部分对 2、3 和 4 月龄的婴儿进行接种,并在 3 岁 4 个月(作为 DTaP/IPV 学龄前加强免疫的一部分)及 14 岁时(作为破伤风、白喉 [Td]/IPV 青少年期加强免疫的一部分)各进行一次强化接种。NHS Choices: vaccinations
到白喉流行国家旅行,应确保完成了适当的免疫接种程序,包括根据需要接种了加强剂。[8]Tiwari TS. Diptheria. In: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2018: health information for international travel. Chapter 3 - infectious diseases related to travel. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2017.https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/diphtheria