线性生长影响和肾上腺抑制的效果:有高质量的证据表明,吸入性皮质类固醇抑制轻度至中度持续性哮喘和使用高剂量吸入性皮质类固醇的儿童的生长。[105]The Childhood Asthma Management Program Research Group. Long-term effects of budesonide or nedocromil in children with asthma. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1054-1063.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200010123431501#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11027739?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Sharek PJ, Bergman DA, Ducharme FM. Beclomethasone for asthma in children: effects on linear growth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1999;(3):CD001282.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001282/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10796632?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Guilbert TW, Mauger DT, Allen DB, et al; Childhood Asthma Research and Education Network of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Growth of preschool children at high risk for asthma 2 years after discontinuation of fluticasone. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128:956-963.e7.http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2811%2900999-7/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21820163?tool=bestpractice.com 停药后可能出现赶上生长现象,但不是所有儿童都出现此现象。[108]Agertoft L, Pedersen S. Effect of long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide on adult height in children with asthma. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1064-1069.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200010123431502#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11027740?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Kelly HW, Sternberg AL, Lescher R, et al; CAMP Research Group. Effect of inhaled glucocorticoids in childhood on adult height. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:904-912.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1203229#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22938716?tool=bestpractice.com 年幼儿童和那些使用较高剂量吸入性皮质类固醇的儿童的风险更高。[107]Guilbert TW, Mauger DT, Allen DB, et al; Childhood Asthma Research and Education Network of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Growth of preschool children at high risk for asthma 2 years after discontinuation of fluticasone. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128:956-963.e7.http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2811%2900999-7/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21820163?tool=bestpractice.com 男孩患者(但不是女孩)会出现骨矿物质的沉积减少,但随骨质疏松的风险不会增加。[110]Kelly HW, Van Natta ML, Covar RA, et al. CAMP Research Group. The effect of long-term corticosteroid use on bone mineral density in children: a prospective longitudinal assessment in the childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP) study. Pediatrics. 2008;122:e53-e61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2928657/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18595975?tool=bestpractice.com[111]Adams N, Lasserson TJ, Cates CJ, et al. Fluticasone versus beclomethasone or budesonide for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD002310.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002310.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943772?tool=bestpractice.com 已经证明使用 800-3200 μg 的布地奈德患者会出现肾上腺抑制,在出现肾上腺危象病例中,经常与使用高剂量的氟替卡松有关。[112]Adams N, Bestall J, Jones PW. Budesonide at different doses for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(4):CD003271.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003271/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11687182?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Sharek PJ, Bergman DA, Ducharme FM. Beclomethasone for asthma in children: effects on linear growth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1999;(3):CD001282.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001282/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10796632?tool=bestpractice.com[113]Todd GR, Acerini CL, Ross-Russell R, et al. Survey of adrenal crisis associated with inhaled corticosteroids in the United Kingdom. Arch Dis Child. 2002 Dec;87(6):457-61.http://adc.bmj.com/content/87/6/457.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12456538?tool=bestpractice.com 环索奈德(与其他吸入用皮质类固醇相比)一直被认为不会对患者的身高和肾上腺功能产生有害影响,[114]Skoner DP, Maspero J, Banerji D, et al. Assessment of the long-term safety of inhaled ciclesonide on growth in children with asthma. Pediatrics. 2008 Jan;121(1):e1-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18070931?tool=bestpractice.com 但一项 meta 分析显示结论相反。[115]Kramer S, Rottier BL, Scholten RJ, et al. Ciclesonide versus other inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD010352.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010352/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450613?tool=bestpractice.com 曾有患者出现后囊白内障的相关报道,但一直没有发现长期使用低至中等剂量吸入性皮质类固醇是患者罹患白内障的一个危险因素。[101]Raissy HH, Sternberg AL, Williams P, et al. Risk of cataracts in the Childhood Asthma Management Program Cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:389-392.e4.http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2810%2900741-4/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20621348?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 A 改善儿童和成人患者 FEV1、症状和急性发作水平:有高质量的证据表明,二丙酸倍氯米松优于安慰剂。[130]Adams NP, Bestall JB, Malouf R, et al. Beclomethasone versus placebo for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(1):CD002738.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002738.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15674896?tool=bestpractice.com[131]Martinez FD, Chinchilli VM, Morgan WJ, et al. Use of beclomethasone dipropionate as rescue treatment for children with mild persistent asthma (TREXA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:650-657.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21324520?tool=bestpractice.com 就儿童哮喘结局而言,每天使用吸入用皮质类固醇优于其作为急救药物使用。[131]Martinez FD, Chinchilli VM, Morgan WJ, et al. Use of beclomethasone dipropionate as rescue treatment for children with mild persistent asthma (TREXA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:650-657.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21324520?tool=bestpractice.com 准确的剂量反应曲线在儿科患者中仍不清楚。[132]Adams N, Bestall J, Jones P. Beclomethasone at different doses for long-term asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1999;(4);CD002879.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002879/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11279769?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Verberne AA, Frost C, Duiverman EJ, et al; The Dutch Asthma Study Group. Addition of salmeterol versus doubling the dose of beclomethasone in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:213-219.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/ajrccm.158.1.9706048#.U_dH2_ldU9Ihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9655732?tool=bestpractice.com[134]Lasserson TJ, Cates CK, Jones AB, et al. Fluticasone versus 'extrafine' HFA-beclomethasone dipropionate for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(2):CD005309.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005309.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16625634?tool=bestpractice.com[135]van Aalderen WM, Price D, De Baets FM, et al. Beclometasone dipropionate extrafine aerosol versus fluticasone propionate in children with asthma. Respir Med. 2007;101:1585-1593.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17254760?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。改善儿童和成人患者 FEV1、症状和急性发作水平:有高质量的证据表明,二丙酸倍氯米松优于安慰剂。[130]Adams NP, Bestall JB, Malouf R, et al. Beclomethasone versus placebo for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(1):CD002738.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002738.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15674896?tool=bestpractice.com[131]Martinez FD, Chinchilli VM, Morgan WJ, et al. Use of beclomethasone dipropionate as rescue treatment for children with mild persistent asthma (TREXA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:650-657.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21324520?tool=bestpractice.com 就儿童哮喘结局而言,每天使用吸入用皮质类固醇优于其作为急救药物使用。[131]Martinez FD, Chinchilli VM, Morgan WJ, et al. Use of beclomethasone dipropionate as rescue treatment for children with mild persistent asthma (TREXA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:650-657.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21324520?tool=bestpractice.com 准确的剂量反应曲线在儿科患者中仍不清楚。[132]Adams N, Bestall J, Jones P. Beclomethasone at different doses for long-term asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1999;(4);CD002879.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002879/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11279769?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Verberne AA, Frost C, Duiverman EJ, et al; The Dutch Asthma Study Group. Addition of salmeterol versus doubling the dose of beclomethasone in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:213-219.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/ajrccm.158.1.9706048#.U_dH2_ldU9Ihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9655732?tool=bestpractice.com[134]Lasserson TJ, Cates CK, Jones AB, et al. Fluticasone versus 'extrafine' HFA-beclomethasone dipropionate for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(2):CD005309.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005309.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16625634?tool=bestpractice.com[135]van Aalderen WM, Price D, De Baets FM, et al. Beclometasone dipropionate extrafine aerosol versus fluticasone propionate in children with asthma. Respir Med. 2007;101:1585-1593.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17254760?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 A 改善 FEV1:有高质量的证据表明,与使用安慰剂相比,吸入布地奈德对轻度至中度持续性哮喘的控制疗效更显著。[136]Adams N, Bestall J, Jones PW. Budesonide versus placebo for chronic asthma in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1999;(4):CD003274.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003274/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11687183?tool=bestpractice.com[112]Adams N, Bestall J, Jones PW. Budesonide at different doses for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(4):CD003271.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003271/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11687182?tool=bestpractice.com[137]Shapiro G, Bronsky EA, LaForce CF, et al. Dose-related efficacy of budesonide administered via a dry powder inhaler in the treatment of children with moderate to severe persistent asthma. J Pediatr. 1998;132:976-982.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9627589?tool=bestpractice.com 对间歇性哮喘,已证实间歇性吸入布地奈德或倍氯米松的效果优于安慰剂。[138]Zeiger RS, Mauger D, Bacharier LB, et al; CARE Network of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Daily or intermittent budesonide in preschool children with recurrent wheezing. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1990-2001.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1104647#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22111718?tool=bestpractice.com 有低质量证据表明每日使用吸入性皮质类固醇与间歇性吸入性皮质类固醇(加上 β-2 受体激动剂)在预防需口服皮质类固醇进行急救的急性发作中效果相似。然而,在肺功能、气道炎症、哮喘控制和使用症状缓解药物等方面,每日使用吸入性皮质类固醇的效果优于间歇性吸入性皮质类固醇吸入治疗,代价是每日吸入性皮质类固醇导致中等程度的生长发育抑制。[139]Chauhan BF, Chartrand C, Ducharme FM. Intermittent versus daily inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD009611.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009611.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450606?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。改善 FEV1:有高质量的证据表明,与使用安慰剂相比,吸入布地奈德对轻度至中度持续性哮喘的控制疗效更显著。[136]Adams N, Bestall J, Jones PW. Budesonide versus placebo for chronic asthma in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1999;(4):CD003274.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003274/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11687183?tool=bestpractice.com[112]Adams N, Bestall J, Jones PW. Budesonide at different doses for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(4):CD003271.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003271/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11687182?tool=bestpractice.com[137]Shapiro G, Bronsky EA, LaForce CF, et al. Dose-related efficacy of budesonide administered via a dry powder inhaler in the treatment of children with moderate to severe persistent asthma. J Pediatr. 1998;132:976-982.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9627589?tool=bestpractice.com 对间歇性哮喘,已证实间歇性吸入布地奈德或倍氯米松的效果优于安慰剂。[138]Zeiger RS, Mauger D, Bacharier LB, et al; CARE Network of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Daily or intermittent budesonide in preschool children with recurrent wheezing. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1990-2001.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1104647#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22111718?tool=bestpractice.com 有低质量证据表明每日使用吸入性皮质类固醇与间歇性吸入性皮质类固醇(加上 β-2 受体激动剂)在预防需口服皮质类固醇进行急救的急性发作中效果相似。然而,在肺功能、气道炎症、哮喘控制和使用症状缓解药物等方面,每日使用吸入性皮质类固醇的效果优于间歇性吸入性皮质类固醇吸入治疗,代价是每日吸入性皮质类固醇导致中等程度的生长发育抑制。[139]Chauhan BF, Chartrand C, Ducharme FM. Intermittent versus daily inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD009611.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009611.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450606?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 A 哮喘受益和减少皮质类固醇的效应:有高质量的证据表明,氟替卡松对轻度至中度哮喘有益,包括重症哮喘减少口服皮质类固醇的效应。[97]Adams NP, Bestall JC, Jones P, et al. Fluticasone at different doses for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD003534.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003534.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843646?tool=bestpractice.com 氟替卡松的疗效等同或略优于使用一半剂量的布地奈德或氯氟烃-丙酸倍氯米松产生的效果。[111]Adams N, Lasserson TJ, Cates CJ, et al. Fluticasone versus beclomethasone or budesonide for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD002310.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002310.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943772?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。哮喘受益和减少皮质类固醇的效应:有高质量的证据表明,氟替卡松对轻度至中度哮喘有益,包括重症哮喘减少口服皮质类固醇的效应。[97]Adams NP, Bestall JC, Jones P, et al. Fluticasone at different doses for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD003534.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003534.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843646?tool=bestpractice.com 氟替卡松的疗效等同或略优于使用一半剂量的布地奈德或氯氟烃-丙酸倍氯米松产生的效果。[111]Adams N, Lasserson TJ, Cates CJ, et al. Fluticasone versus beclomethasone or budesonide for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD002310.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002310.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943772?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 A 减少哮喘急性发作率:有高质量的证据表明,常规使用白三烯受体拮抗剂可以减少急性加重发生率和对吸入性皮质类固醇的需求。[140]Bisgaard H, Zielen S, Garcia-Garcia ML, et al. Montelukast reduces asthma exacerbations in 2- to 5-year-old children with intermittent asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171:315-322.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.200407-894OC#.U_dKl_ldU9Ihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15542792?tool=bestpractice.com 已经发现该药物对于改善患者症状、减少短效 β 受体激动剂 (SABA) 和口服皮质类固醇 (OCS) 的使用和提高肺功能等方面有疗效。[141]Becker A, Swern A, Tozzi CA, et al. Montelukast in asthmatic patients 6 years-14 years old with an FEV1 > 75%. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20:1651-1659.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15462699?tool=bestpractice.com[142]Knorr B, Franchi LM, Bisgaard H, et al. Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, for the treatment of persistent asthma in children aged 2 to 5 years. Pediatrics. 2001;108:e48.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/108/3/e48.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533366?tool=bestpractice.com[143]Knorr B, Matz J, Bernstein JA, et al; Pediatric Montelukast Study Group. Montelukast for chronic asthma in 6- to 14-year-old children: a randomized, double-blind trial. JAMA. 1998;279:1181-1186.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=187439http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9555757?tool=bestpractice.com 与相同剂量的ICS相比,在患有持续性哮喘且控制欠佳的青少年和成人日常ICS中添加LTRAs减少了中度和重度哮喘急性发作,并改善了肺功能和对哮喘的控制。[126]Chauhan BF, Jeyaraman MM, Singh Mann A, et al. Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 16;3:CD010347.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010347.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28301050?tool=bestpractice.com 与吸入性皮质类固醇相比,白三烯受体拮抗剂短疗程的治疗对患者感染的首发体征也有效果。[144]Robertson CF, Price D, Henry R, et al. Short-course montelukast for intermittent asthma in children: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175:323-329.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.200510-1546OC#.U_dKuvldU9Ihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110643?tool=bestpractice.com[145]McKean M, Ducharme F. Inhaled steroids for episodic viral wheeze of childhood. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(1):CD001107.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001107/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10796596?tool=bestpractice.com[146]Oommen A, Lambert PC, Grigg J. Efficacy of a short course of parent-initiated oral prednisolone for viral wheeze in children aged 1-5 years: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;362:1433-1438.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14602435?tool=bestpractice.com[147]Johnston NW, Mandhane PJ, Dai J, et al. Attenuation of the September epidemic of asthma exacerbations in children: a randomized, controlled trial of montelukast added to usual therapy. Pediatrics. 2007;120:e702-e712.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17766511?tool=bestpractice.com 其最大益处在中度至持续性哮喘患者中不存在。尽管白三烯受体拮抗剂 (LTRA) 可作为单药治疗替代吸入性皮质类固醇,但吸入性皮质类固醇具有改善肺功能参数的效果,并且成本效果更高。[148]Garcia Garcia ML, Wahn U, Gilles L, et al. Montelukast, compared with fluticasone, for control of asthma among 6- to 14-year-old patients with mild asthma: the MOSAIC study. Pediatrics. 2005;116:360-369. [Erratum in: Pediatrics. 2005;116:1058.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16061590?tool=bestpractice.com[149]Ostrom NK, Decotiis BA, Lincourt WR, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of low-dose fluticasone propionate and montelukast in children with persistent asthma. J Pediatr. 2005;147:213-220.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16126052?tool=bestpractice.com[150]Stempel DA, Kruzikas DT, Manjunath R. Comparative efficacy and cost of asthma care in children with asthma treated with fluticasone propionate and montelukast. J Pediatr. 2007;150:162-167.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17236894?tool=bestpractice.com[151]Sorkness CA, Lemanske RF Jr., Mauger DT, et al. Long-term comparison of 3 controller regimens for mild-moderate persistent childhood asthma: the Pediatric Asthma Controller Trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:64-72. [Erratum in: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:285.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17140647?tool=bestpractice.com[152]Zeiger RS, Szefler SJ, Phillips BR, et al. Response profiles to fluticasone and montelukast in mild-to-moderate persistent childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:45-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16387583?tool=bestpractice.com[153]Jat GC, Mathew JL, Singh M. Treatment with 400 microg of inhaled budesonide vs 200 microg of inhaled budesonide and oral montelukast in children with moderate persistent asthma: randomized controlled trial. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;97:397-401.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042148?tool=bestpractice.com[154]Szefler SJ, Phillips BR, Martinez FD, et al. Characterization of within-subject responses to fluticasone and montelukast in childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:233-242.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15696076?tool=bestpractice.com[155]Castro-Rodriguez JA, Rodrigo GJ. The role of inhaled corticosteroids and montelukast in children with mild-moderate asthma: results of a systematic review with meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2010;95:365-370.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19946008?tool=bestpractice.com[156]Price D, Musgrave S, Wilson E, et al. A pragmatic single-blind randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of the use of leukotriene receptor antagonists in primary care at steps 2 and 3 of the national asthma guidelines (ELEVATE study). Health Technol Assess. 2011;15:1-132.http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/64999/FullReport-hta15210.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21554855?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,尤其是存在中度气道阻塞时,吸入性皮质类固醇的效果优于白三烯受体拮抗剂。[156]Price D, Musgrave S, Wilson E, et al. A pragmatic single-blind randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of the use of leukotriene receptor antagonists in primary care at steps 2 and 3 of the national asthma guidelines (ELEVATE study). Health Technol Assess. 2011;15:1-132.http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/64999/FullReport-hta15210.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21554855?tool=bestpractice.com[157]Yang D, Luo H, Wang J, et al. Comparison of inhaled corticosteroids and leukotriene receptor antagonists in adolescents and adults with mild to moderate asthma: a meta-analysis. Clin Respir J. 2013;7:74-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22364111?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。减少哮喘急性发作率:有高质量的证据表明,常规使用白三烯受体拮抗剂可以减少急性加重发生率和对吸入性皮质类固醇的需求。[140]Bisgaard H, Zielen S, Garcia-Garcia ML, et al. Montelukast reduces asthma exacerbations in 2- to 5-year-old children with intermittent asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171:315-322.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.200407-894OC#.U_dKl_ldU9Ihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15542792?tool=bestpractice.com 已经发现该药物对于改善患者症状、减少短效 β 受体激动剂 (SABA) 和口服皮质类固醇 (OCS) 的使用和提高肺功能等方面有疗效。[141]Becker A, Swern A, Tozzi CA, et al. Montelukast in asthmatic patients 6 years-14 years old with an FEV1 > 75%. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20:1651-1659.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15462699?tool=bestpractice.com[142]Knorr B, Franchi LM, Bisgaard H, et al. Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, for the treatment of persistent asthma in children aged 2 to 5 years. Pediatrics. 2001;108:e48.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/108/3/e48.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533366?tool=bestpractice.com[143]Knorr B, Matz J, Bernstein JA, et al; Pediatric Montelukast Study Group. Montelukast for chronic asthma in 6- to 14-year-old children: a randomized, double-blind trial. JAMA. 1998;279:1181-1186.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=187439http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9555757?tool=bestpractice.com 与相同剂量的ICS相比,在患有持续性哮喘且控制欠佳的青少年和成人日常ICS中添加LTRAs减少了中度和重度哮喘急性发作,并改善了肺功能和对哮喘的控制。[126]Chauhan BF, Jeyaraman MM, Singh Mann A, et al. Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 16;3:CD010347.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010347.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28301050?tool=bestpractice.com 与吸入性皮质类固醇相比,白三烯受体拮抗剂短疗程的治疗对患者感染的首发体征也有效果。[144]Robertson CF, Price D, Henry R, et al. Short-course montelukast for intermittent asthma in children: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175:323-329.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.200510-1546OC#.U_dKuvldU9Ihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110643?tool=bestpractice.com[145]McKean M, Ducharme F. Inhaled steroids for episodic viral wheeze of childhood. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(1):CD001107.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001107/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10796596?tool=bestpractice.com[146]Oommen A, Lambert PC, Grigg J. Efficacy of a short course of parent-initiated oral prednisolone for viral wheeze in children aged 1-5 years: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;362:1433-1438.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14602435?tool=bestpractice.com[147]Johnston NW, Mandhane PJ, Dai J, et al. Attenuation of the September epidemic of asthma exacerbations in children: a randomized, controlled trial of montelukast added to usual therapy. Pediatrics. 2007;120:e702-e712.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17766511?tool=bestpractice.com 其最大益处在中度至持续性哮喘患者中不存在。尽管白三烯受体拮抗剂 (LTRA) 可作为单药治疗替代吸入性皮质类固醇,但吸入性皮质类固醇具有改善肺功能参数的效果,并且成本效果更高。[148]Garcia Garcia ML, Wahn U, Gilles L, et al. Montelukast, compared with fluticasone, for control of asthma among 6- to 14-year-old patients with mild asthma: the MOSAIC study. Pediatrics. 2005;116:360-369. [Erratum in: Pediatrics. 2005;116:1058.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16061590?tool=bestpractice.com[149]Ostrom NK, Decotiis BA, Lincourt WR, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of low-dose fluticasone propionate and montelukast in children with persistent asthma. J Pediatr. 2005;147:213-220.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16126052?tool=bestpractice.com[150]Stempel DA, Kruzikas DT, Manjunath R. Comparative efficacy and cost of asthma care in children with asthma treated with fluticasone propionate and montelukast. J Pediatr. 2007;150:162-167.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17236894?tool=bestpractice.com[151]Sorkness CA, Lemanske RF Jr., Mauger DT, et al. Long-term comparison of 3 controller regimens for mild-moderate persistent childhood asthma: the Pediatric Asthma Controller Trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:64-72. [Erratum in: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:285.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17140647?tool=bestpractice.com[152]Zeiger RS, Szefler SJ, Phillips BR, et al. Response profiles to fluticasone and montelukast in mild-to-moderate persistent childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:45-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16387583?tool=bestpractice.com[153]Jat GC, Mathew JL, Singh M. Treatment with 400 microg of inhaled budesonide vs 200 microg of inhaled budesonide and oral montelukast in children with moderate persistent asthma: randomized controlled trial. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;97:397-401.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042148?tool=bestpractice.com[154]Szefler SJ, Phillips BR, Martinez FD, et al. Characterization of within-subject responses to fluticasone and montelukast in childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:233-242.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15696076?tool=bestpractice.com[155]Castro-Rodriguez JA, Rodrigo GJ. The role of inhaled corticosteroids and montelukast in children with mild-moderate asthma: results of a systematic review with meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2010;95:365-370.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19946008?tool=bestpractice.com[156]Price D, Musgrave S, Wilson E, et al. A pragmatic single-blind randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of the use of leukotriene receptor antagonists in primary care at steps 2 and 3 of the national asthma guidelines (ELEVATE study). Health Technol Assess. 2011;15:1-132.http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/64999/FullReport-hta15210.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21554855?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,尤其是存在中度气道阻塞时,吸入性皮质类固醇的效果优于白三烯受体拮抗剂。[156]Price D, Musgrave S, Wilson E, et al. A pragmatic single-blind randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of the use of leukotriene receptor antagonists in primary care at steps 2 and 3 of the national asthma guidelines (ELEVATE study). Health Technol Assess. 2011;15:1-132.http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/64999/FullReport-hta15210.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21554855?tool=bestpractice.com[157]Yang D, Luo H, Wang J, et al. Comparison of inhaled corticosteroids and leukotriene receptor antagonists in adolescents and adults with mild to moderate asthma: a meta-analysis. Clin Respir J. 2013;7:74-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22364111?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 A 对轻度至中度持续性哮喘的疗效和减少口服皮质类固醇的效应:有高质量的证据表明,对轻度至中度持续性哮喘,莫米松具有剂量依赖性,最高剂量为 400 μg/日。[159]O'Connor B, Bonnaud G, Haahtela T, et al. Dose-ranging study of mometasone furoate dry powder inhaler in the treatment of moderate persistent asthma using fluticasone propionate as an active comparator. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001;86:397-404.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11345282?tool=bestpractice.com[160]Bernstein DI, Berkowitz RB, Chervinsky P, et al. Dose-ranging study of a new steroid for asthma: mometasone furoate dry powder inhaler. Respir Med. 1999;93:603-612.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10542973?tool=bestpractice.com 当每天剂量为 800-1600 μg 时具有减少口服皮质类固醇的效应。[161]Karpel JP, Nayak A, Lumry W, et al. Inhaled mometasone furoate reduces oral prednisone usage and improves lung function in severe persistent asthma. Respir Med. 2007;101:628-637.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16875813?tool=bestpractice.com[162]Fish JE, Karpel JP, Craig TJ, et al. Inhaled mometasone furoate reduces oral prednisone requirements while improving respiratory function and health-related quality of life in patients with severe persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106:852-860.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11080706?tool=bestpractice.com 当总剂量相同时,每日一次给药似乎与每日两次给药有效性相同。[163]Hart K, Weatherall M, Shirtcliffe P, et al. Frequency of dosing and comparative doses of mometasone furoate: a meta-analysis. Respirology. 2009;14:1166-1172.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19818054?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。对轻度至中度持续性哮喘的疗效和减少口服皮质类固醇的效应:有高质量的证据表明,对轻度至中度持续性哮喘,莫米松具有剂量依赖性,最高剂量为 400 μg/日。[159]O'Connor B, Bonnaud G, Haahtela T, et al. Dose-ranging study of mometasone furoate dry powder inhaler in the treatment of moderate persistent asthma using fluticasone propionate as an active comparator. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001;86:397-404.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11345282?tool=bestpractice.com[160]Bernstein DI, Berkowitz RB, Chervinsky P, et al. Dose-ranging study of a new steroid for asthma: mometasone furoate dry powder inhaler. Respir Med. 1999;93:603-612.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10542973?tool=bestpractice.com 当每天剂量为 800-1600 μg 时具有减少口服皮质类固醇的效应。[161]Karpel JP, Nayak A, Lumry W, et al. Inhaled mometasone furoate reduces oral prednisone usage and improves lung function in severe persistent asthma. Respir Med. 2007;101:628-637.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16875813?tool=bestpractice.com[162]Fish JE, Karpel JP, Craig TJ, et al. Inhaled mometasone furoate reduces oral prednisone requirements while improving respiratory function and health-related quality of life in patients with severe persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106:852-860.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11080706?tool=bestpractice.com 当总剂量相同时,每日一次给药似乎与每日两次给药有效性相同。[163]Hart K, Weatherall M, Shirtcliffe P, et al. Frequency of dosing and comparative doses of mometasone furoate: a meta-analysis. Respirology. 2009;14:1166-1172.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19818054?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 A 症状控制方面:有高质量的证据表明,与安慰剂相比,茶碱可改善症状控制和短效 β 受体激动剂的使用,而且与色甘酸钠似乎有类似的有效性。它的效果不如吸入性皮质类固醇。[196]Seddon P, Bara A, Ducharme FM, et al. Oral xanthines as maintenance treatment for asthma in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD002885.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002885.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16437447?tool=bestpractice.com 在吸入性皮质类固醇治疗基础上加用茶碱有益,在成人患者中,采用此方案在改善肺功能方面的效果相当于使用双倍剂量的吸入性皮质类固醇的效果。[197]Evans DJ, Taylor DA, Zetterstrom O, et al. A comparison of low-dose inhaled budesonide plus theophylline and high-dose inhaled budesonide for moderate asthma. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1412-1419.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199711133372002#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9358138?tool=bestpractice.com[198]Lim S, Jatakanon A, Gordon D, et al. Comparison of high dose inhaled steroids, low dose inhaled steroids plus low dose theophylline, and low dose inhaled steroids alone in chronic asthma in general practice. Thorax. 2000;55:837-841.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/55/10/837.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10992535?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。症状控制方面:有高质量的证据表明,与安慰剂相比,茶碱可改善症状控制和短效 β 受体激动剂的使用,而且与色甘酸钠似乎有类似的有效性。它的效果不如吸入性皮质类固醇。[196]Seddon P, Bara A, Ducharme FM, et al. Oral xanthines as maintenance treatment for asthma in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD002885.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002885.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16437447?tool=bestpractice.com 在吸入性皮质类固醇治疗基础上加用茶碱有益,在成人患者中,采用此方案在改善肺功能方面的效果相当于使用双倍剂量的吸入性皮质类固醇的效果。[197]Evans DJ, Taylor DA, Zetterstrom O, et al. A comparison of low-dose inhaled budesonide plus theophylline and high-dose inhaled budesonide for moderate asthma. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1412-1419.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199711133372002#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9358138?tool=bestpractice.com[198]Lim S, Jatakanon A, Gordon D, et al. Comparison of high dose inhaled steroids, low dose inhaled steroids plus low dose theophylline, and low dose inhaled steroids alone in chronic asthma in general practice. Thorax. 2000;55:837-841.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/55/10/837.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10992535?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 A 急性发作率:在儿科患者人群中有高质量的证据(同时涉及学龄儿童和青少年)表明奥马珠单抗能降低使用吸入性皮质类固醇未能充分控制的中度到重度持续性哮喘患者的急性发作。[204]Norman G, Faria R, Paton F, et al. Omalizumab for the treatment of severe persistent allergic asthma: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2013;17:1-342.http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/volume-17/issue-52http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24267198?tool=bestpractice.com 有证据表明其可以有助于成人和青少年(>12 岁)患者改善症状控制程度和提高生活质量,[205]Normansell R, Walker S, Milan SJ, et al. Omalizumab for asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD003559.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003559.pub4/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24414989?tool=bestpractice.com 但在年幼儿童中的使用受限。[204]Norman G, Faria R, Paton F, et al. Omalizumab for the treatment of severe persistent allergic asthma: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2013;17:1-342.http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/volume-17/issue-52http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24267198?tool=bestpractice.com 对其成本效益仍然存在争议。[206]Bush A, Pavord ID. Omalizumab: NICE to USE you, to LOSE you NICE. Thorax. 2013;68:7-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23229814?tool=bestpractice.com[204]Norman G, Faria R, Paton F, et al. Omalizumab for the treatment of severe persistent allergic asthma: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2013;17:1-342.http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/volume-17/issue-52http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24267198?tool=bestpractice.com 治疗前患者过敏原特异性 IgE 的水平不能预测患者对随后治疗的反应状况。[207]Wahn U, Martin C, Freeman P, et al. Relationship between pretreatment specific IgE and the response to omalizumab therapy. Allergy. 2009;64:1780-1787.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19627273?tool=bestpractice.com 需要进一步的研究来明确哪些患者可能会从中获益。 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。急性发作率:在儿科患者人群中有高质量的证据(同时涉及学龄儿童和青少年)表明奥马珠单抗能降低使用吸入性皮质类固醇未能充分控制的中度到重度持续性哮喘患者的急性发作。[204]Norman G, Faria R, Paton F, et al. Omalizumab for the treatment of severe persistent allergic asthma: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2013;17:1-342.http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/volume-17/issue-52http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24267198?tool=bestpractice.com 有证据表明其可以有助于成人和青少年(>12 岁)患者改善症状控制程度和提高生活质量,[205]Normansell R, Walker S, Milan SJ, et al. Omalizumab for asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD003559.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003559.pub4/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24414989?tool=bestpractice.com 但在年幼儿童中的使用受限。[204]Norman G, Faria R, Paton F, et al. Omalizumab for the treatment of severe persistent allergic asthma: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2013;17:1-342.http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/volume-17/issue-52http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24267198?tool=bestpractice.com 对其成本效益仍然存在争议。[206]Bush A, Pavord ID. Omalizumab: NICE to USE you, to LOSE you NICE. Thorax. 2013;68:7-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23229814?tool=bestpractice.com[204]Norman G, Faria R, Paton F, et al. Omalizumab for the treatment of severe persistent allergic asthma: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2013;17:1-342.http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/volume-17/issue-52http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24267198?tool=bestpractice.com 治疗前患者过敏原特异性 IgE 的水平不能预测患者对随后治疗的反应状况。[207]Wahn U, Martin C, Freeman P, et al. Relationship between pretreatment specific IgE and the response to omalizumab therapy. Allergy. 2009;64:1780-1787.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19627273?tool=bestpractice.com 需要进一步的研究来明确哪些患者可能会从中获益。
证据 A 导致严重和致命的哮喘发作增加,使患者对短效β受体激动剂快速耐受:对于轻度至中度儿童哮喘患者,长效β受体激动剂单药治疗的效果不如吸入用皮质类固醇。有充分的证据表明,儿童使用长效 β 受体激动剂可增加急性发作。[257]Walters EH, Gibson PG, Lasserson TJ, et al. Long-acting beta2-agonists for chronic asthma in adults and children where background therapy contains varied or no inhaled corticosteroid. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD001385.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001385.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17253458?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Verberne AA, Frost C, Duiverman EJ, et al; The Dutch Asthma Study Group. Addition of salmeterol versus doubling the dose of beclomethasone in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:213-219.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/ajrccm.158.1.9706048#.U_dH2_ldU9Ihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9655732?tool=bestpractice.com[258]Ducharme FM, Ni Chroinin M, Greenstone I, et al. Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids versus same dose inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(5):CD005535.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005535.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20464739?tool=bestpractice.com[259]Ni Chroinin M, Greenstone I, Lasserson TJ. Addition of inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids as first line therapy for persistent asthma in steroid-naive adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD005307.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005307.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821344?tool=bestpractice.com[260]Verberne AA, Frost C, Roorda RJ, et al; The Dutch Paediatric Asthma Study Group. One year treatment with salmeterol compared with beclomethasone in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156:688-695.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/ajrccm.156.3.9611067#.U_dC5vldU9Ihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9309980?tool=bestpractice.com[261]Bisgaard H. Effect of long-acting beta2 agonists on exacerbation rates of asthma in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003;36:391-398.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14520721?tool=bestpractice.com 在系统评价中已经报告严重和危及生命的哮喘急性发作和哮喘相关死亡的风险增加,但还未经证实,[262]Cates CJ, Jaeschke R, Schmidt S, et al. Regular treatment with salmeterol and inhaled steroids for chronic asthma: serious adverse events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(3):CD006922.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006922.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543548?tool=bestpractice.com 黑人和皮质类固醇初用患者的风险尤其高。[263]Salpeter SR, Buckley NS, Ormiston TM, et al. Meta-analysis: effect of long-acting beta-agonists on severe asthma exacerbations and asthma-related deaths. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:904-912.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16754916?tool=bestpractice.com[264]US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Division director memorandum: overview of the FDA background materials prepared for the meeting to discuss the implications of the available data related to the safety of long-acting beta-agonist bronchodilators. June 2005. http://www.fda.gov (last accessed 18 August 2016).http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/05/briefing/2005-4148b1_03_01-fda-div-dir-memo.pdf 目前对吸入用皮质类固醇剂量超过多少时开始使用长效 β 受体激动剂还不确定。[133]Verberne AA, Frost C, Duiverman EJ, et al; The Dutch Asthma Study Group. Addition of salmeterol versus doubling the dose of beclomethasone in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:213-219.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/ajrccm.158.1.9706048#.U_dH2_ldU9Ihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9655732?tool=bestpractice.com[258]Ducharme FM, Ni Chroinin M, Greenstone I, et al. Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids versus same dose inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(5):CD005535.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005535.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20464739?tool=bestpractice.com 规律使用长效 β 受体激动剂治疗可能诱发患者对以后使用短效 β 受体激动剂快速耐受和不敏感。 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。导致严重和致命的哮喘发作增加,使患者对短效β受体激动剂快速耐受:对于轻度至中度儿童哮喘患者,长效β受体激动剂单药治疗的效果不如吸入用皮质类固醇。有充分的证据表明,儿童使用长效 β 受体激动剂可增加急性发作。[257]Walters EH, Gibson PG, Lasserson TJ, et al. Long-acting beta2-agonists for chronic asthma in adults and children where background therapy contains varied or no inhaled corticosteroid. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD001385.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001385.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17253458?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Verberne AA, Frost C, Duiverman EJ, et al; The Dutch Asthma Study Group. Addition of salmeterol versus doubling the dose of beclomethasone in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:213-219.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/ajrccm.158.1.9706048#.U_dH2_ldU9Ihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9655732?tool=bestpractice.com[258]Ducharme FM, Ni Chroinin M, Greenstone I, et al. Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids versus same dose inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(5):CD005535.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005535.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20464739?tool=bestpractice.com[259]Ni Chroinin M, Greenstone I, Lasserson TJ. Addition of inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids as first line therapy for persistent asthma in steroid-naive adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD005307.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005307.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821344?tool=bestpractice.com[260]Verberne AA, Frost C, Roorda RJ, et al; The Dutch Paediatric Asthma Study Group. One year treatment with salmeterol compared with beclomethasone in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156:688-695.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/ajrccm.156.3.9611067#.U_dC5vldU9Ihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9309980?tool=bestpractice.com[261]Bisgaard H. Effect of long-acting beta2 agonists on exacerbation rates of asthma in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003;36:391-398.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14520721?tool=bestpractice.com 在系统评价中已经报告严重和危及生命的哮喘急性发作和哮喘相关死亡的风险增加,但还未经证实,[262]Cates CJ, Jaeschke R, Schmidt S, et al. Regular treatment with salmeterol and inhaled steroids for chronic asthma: serious adverse events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(3):CD006922.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006922.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543548?tool=bestpractice.com 黑人和皮质类固醇初用患者的风险尤其高。[263]Salpeter SR, Buckley NS, Ormiston TM, et al. Meta-analysis: effect of long-acting beta-agonists on severe asthma exacerbations and asthma-related deaths. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:904-912.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16754916?tool=bestpractice.com[264]US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Division director memorandum: overview of the FDA background materials prepared for the meeting to discuss the implications of the available data related to the safety of long-acting beta-agonist bronchodilators. June 2005. http://www.fda.gov (last accessed 18 August 2016).http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/05/briefing/2005-4148b1_03_01-fda-div-dir-memo.pdf 目前对吸入用皮质类固醇剂量超过多少时开始使用长效 β 受体激动剂还不确定。[133]Verberne AA, Frost C, Duiverman EJ, et al; The Dutch Asthma Study Group. Addition of salmeterol versus doubling the dose of beclomethasone in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:213-219.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/ajrccm.158.1.9706048#.U_dH2_ldU9Ihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9655732?tool=bestpractice.com[258]Ducharme FM, Ni Chroinin M, Greenstone I, et al. Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids versus same dose inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(5):CD005535.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005535.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20464739?tool=bestpractice.com 规律使用长效 β 受体激动剂治疗可能诱发患者对以后使用短效 β 受体激动剂快速耐受和不敏感。
证据 B 肺功能改善、减少了夜间发作和支气管扩张剂使用剂量:有中等质量的证据表明,在每周至少 2 晚觉醒的 6-15 岁儿童中,在常规治疗的基础上加用茶碱比加用安慰剂能更有效地改善早晨平均 PEFR、减少平均夜间发作的次数和降低支气管扩张剂使用剂量。 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。肺功能改善、减少了夜间发作和支气管扩张剂使用剂量:有中等质量的证据表明,在每周至少 2 晚觉醒的 6-15 岁儿童中,在常规治疗的基础上加用茶碱比加用安慰剂能更有效地改善早晨平均 PEFR、减少平均夜间发作的次数和降低支气管扩张剂使用剂量。
证据 B 改善肺功能和减少使用挽救药物:有中等质量的证据表明,与常规治疗联合安慰剂相比,常规治疗联合吸入长效 β2 受体激动剂能更好地改善肺功能(通过测量 FEV1、最大呼气流速来评估),并可减少沙丁胺醇的使用,但不能减少挽救性使用沙丁胺醇、急性发作所致停药或者无夜间觉醒的次数。长效 β 受体激动剂的获益证据在成人中是强有力的,但在儿童中尚无定论。[120]Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta2-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD003137.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003137.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24459050?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。改善肺功能和减少使用挽救药物:有中等质量的证据表明,与常规治疗联合安慰剂相比,常规治疗联合吸入长效 β2 受体激动剂能更好地改善肺功能(通过测量 FEV1、最大呼气流速来评估),并可减少沙丁胺醇的使用,但不能减少挽救性使用沙丁胺醇、急性发作所致停药或者无夜间觉醒的次数。长效 β 受体激动剂的获益证据在成人中是强有力的,但在儿童中尚无定论。[120]Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta2-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD003137.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003137.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24459050?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 C 改善肺功能、支气管反应性、气道反应性、症状评分和急性加重:有低质量的证据表明,在 6-16 岁治疗依从性良好的已予以每日两次倍率米松吸入治疗的儿童中,在改善肺功能、症状评分、支气管反应性、气道反应性或 1 年内急性发作次数等方面,增加每日两次吸入倍率米松治疗并不比增加安慰剂治疗更有效。 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。改善肺功能、支气管反应性、气道反应性、症状评分和急性加重:有低质量的证据表明,在 6-16 岁治疗依从性良好的已予以每日两次倍率米松吸入治疗的儿童中,在改善肺功能、症状评分、支气管反应性、气道反应性或 1 年内急性发作次数等方面,增加每日两次吸入倍率米松治疗并不比增加安慰剂治疗更有效。
证据 C 晨间平均肺功能增加和每日 β-2 受体激动剂使用减少:有低质量证据显示,在增加平均晨间肺功能(通过测量 FEV1 来评估)和减少每日 β-2 受体激动剂使用方面,常规治疗联合口服孟鲁斯特(白三烯受体拮抗剂)可能比常规治疗联合安慰剂更为有效,但未减少不使用 β-2 受体激动剂的天数、哮喘恶化儿童所占比例、至少经历一次哮喘发作儿童所占比例和夜间因哮喘觉醒的次数。最近的证据显示,对于学龄儿童,孟鲁斯特作为预防治疗不太可能有益。[158]Weiss KB, Gern JE, Johnston NW, et al. The back to school asthma study: The effect of montelukast on asthma burden when initiated prophylactically at the start of the school year. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;105:174-181.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20674830?tool=bestpractice.com 在 ICS 基础上加用白三烯受体拮抗剂不会减少口服皮质类固醇挽救治疗的使用、住院次数或 FEV1。[125]Chauhan BF, Ben Salah R, Ducharme FM. Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(10):CD009585.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009585.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24089325?tool=bestpractice.com 建议在治疗试验期加用白三烯受体拮抗剂,在未重新评估其对哮喘控制和/或急性加重影响的情况下不应作为长期治疗。[125]Chauhan BF, Ben Salah R, Ducharme FM. Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(10):CD009585.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009585.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24089325?tool=bestpractice.com 关于有持续症状成人和青少年的证据显示,对于已在使用 ICS 的患者,加用 LABA 优于加用孟鲁斯特,但在儿童中的证据不足。[120]Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta2-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD003137.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003137.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24459050?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。晨间平均肺功能增加和每日 β-2 受体激动剂使用减少:有低质量证据显示,在增加平均晨间肺功能(通过测量 FEV1 来评估)和减少每日 β-2 受体激动剂使用方面,常规治疗联合口服孟鲁斯特(白三烯受体拮抗剂)可能比常规治疗联合安慰剂更为有效,但未减少不使用 β-2 受体激动剂的天数、哮喘恶化儿童所占比例、至少经历一次哮喘发作儿童所占比例和夜间因哮喘觉醒的次数。最近的证据显示,对于学龄儿童,孟鲁斯特作为预防治疗不太可能有益。[158]Weiss KB, Gern JE, Johnston NW, et al. The back to school asthma study: The effect of montelukast on asthma burden when initiated prophylactically at the start of the school year. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;105:174-181.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20674830?tool=bestpractice.com 在 ICS 基础上加用白三烯受体拮抗剂不会减少口服皮质类固醇挽救治疗的使用、住院次数或 FEV1。[125]Chauhan BF, Ben Salah R, Ducharme FM. Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(10):CD009585.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009585.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24089325?tool=bestpractice.com 建议在治疗试验期加用白三烯受体拮抗剂,在未重新评估其对哮喘控制和/或急性加重影响的情况下不应作为长期治疗。[125]Chauhan BF, Ben Salah R, Ducharme FM. Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(10):CD009585.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009585.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24089325?tool=bestpractice.com 关于有持续症状成人和青少年的证据显示,对于已在使用 ICS 的患者,加用 LABA 优于加用孟鲁斯特,但在儿童中的证据不足。[120]Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta2-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD003137.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003137.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24459050?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 C 清晨呼气流量峰值率,气道反应和支气管反应性改善:有低质量的证据表明,在吸入性倍氯米松基础上增加吸入性沙美特罗(一个长效 β-2 激动剂)可能比单独吸入倍氯米松在提高 3 个月时平均清晨呼气流量峰值率方面更有效,但不能改善 6-16 岁儿童 1 年内肺功能、急性发作比率或症状评分。吸入性皮质类固醇基础上增加吸入性沙美特罗可能比增加安慰剂在提高 3 个月时平均清晨呼气流量峰值率和增加无症状天数方面更有效。吸入性皮质类固醇基础上增加吸入性福莫特罗可能比增加安慰剂在改善近 12 周的肺功能、减少急救药物使用和改善生活质量方面更有效。最近的研究显示沙美特罗/氟替卡松使用 8 周和 12 周与单用氟替卡松控制不完全的学龄儿童给予双倍剂量氟替卡松相比,可更好的提高患者清晨呼气流量峰值率并改善症状控制。[164]Gappa M, Zachgo W, von Berg A, et al; VIAPAED Study Group. Add-on salmeterol compared to double dose fluticasone in pediatric asthma: a double-blind, randomized trial (VIAPAED). Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009;44:1132-1142.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19824054?tool=bestpractice.com[165]de Blic J, Ogorodova L, Klink R, et al. Salmeterol/fluticasone propionate vs. double dose fluticasone propionate on lung function and asthma control in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2009; 20:763-771.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19239660?tool=bestpractice.com 成人患者中,在减少口服类固醇治疗的急性发作方面,增加长效 β 受体激动剂优于增加白三烯受体拮抗剂。[120]Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta2-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD003137.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003137.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24459050?tool=bestpractice.com 儿童患者中缺乏次方便的比较数据。[120]Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta2-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD003137.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003137.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24459050?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,存在安全性方面的担忧,通过同时使用吸入性皮质类固醇能减少但不能消除安全隐患。[166]Cates CJ, Oleszczuk M, Stovold E, et al. Safety of regular formoterol or salmeterol in children with asthma: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(10):CD010005.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010005.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23076961?tool=bestpractice.com 儿童规律使用长效 β 受体激动剂造成严重不良反应比成人更多,但是规律接受福莫特罗治疗的儿童与未接受治疗的儿童相比,不良反应差异无统计学意义。[167]Cates CJ, Jaeschke R, Schmidt S, et al. Regular treatment with formoterol and inhaled steroids for chronic asthma: serious adverse events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD006924.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744625?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。清晨呼气流量峰值率,气道反应和支气管反应性改善:有低质量的证据表明,在吸入性倍氯米松基础上增加吸入性沙美特罗(一个长效 β-2 激动剂)可能比单独吸入倍氯米松在提高 3 个月时平均清晨呼气流量峰值率方面更有效,但不能改善 6-16 岁儿童 1 年内肺功能、急性发作比率或症状评分。吸入性皮质类固醇基础上增加吸入性沙美特罗可能比增加安慰剂在提高 3 个月时平均清晨呼气流量峰值率和增加无症状天数方面更有效。吸入性皮质类固醇基础上增加吸入性福莫特罗可能比增加安慰剂在改善近 12 周的肺功能、减少急救药物使用和改善生活质量方面更有效。最近的研究显示沙美特罗/氟替卡松使用 8 周和 12 周与单用氟替卡松控制不完全的学龄儿童给予双倍剂量氟替卡松相比,可更好的提高患者清晨呼气流量峰值率并改善症状控制。[164]Gappa M, Zachgo W, von Berg A, et al; VIAPAED Study Group. Add-on salmeterol compared to double dose fluticasone in pediatric asthma: a double-blind, randomized trial (VIAPAED). Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009;44:1132-1142.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19824054?tool=bestpractice.com[165]de Blic J, Ogorodova L, Klink R, et al. Salmeterol/fluticasone propionate vs. double dose fluticasone propionate on lung function and asthma control in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2009; 20:763-771.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19239660?tool=bestpractice.com 成人患者中,在减少口服类固醇治疗的急性发作方面,增加长效 β 受体激动剂优于增加白三烯受体拮抗剂。[120]Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta2-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD003137.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003137.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24459050?tool=bestpractice.com 儿童患者中缺乏次方便的比较数据。[120]Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta2-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD003137.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003137.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24459050?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,存在安全性方面的担忧,通过同时使用吸入性皮质类固醇能减少但不能消除安全隐患。[166]Cates CJ, Oleszczuk M, Stovold E, et al. Safety of regular formoterol or salmeterol in children with asthma: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(10):CD010005.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010005.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23076961?tool=bestpractice.com 儿童规律使用长效 β 受体激动剂造成严重不良反应比成人更多,但是规律接受福莫特罗治疗的儿童与未接受治疗的儿童相比,不良反应差异无统计学意义。[167]Cates CJ, Jaeschke R, Schmidt S, et al. Regular treatment with formoterol and inhaled steroids for chronic asthma: serious adverse events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD006924.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744625?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 C 在 6-12 岁的儿童中,改善肺功能,减少挽救药物使用天数,提高家长和医生对治疗的满意度,并减少夜间症状评分:有低质量的证据表明,对于 6-12 岁慢性哮喘持续至少 6 个月的患儿,与使用口服孟鲁司特相比,使用吸入氟替卡松能更有效地改善肺功能、减少挽救药物使用天数、提高家长和医生“非常满意”治疗的比例(由FEV1,早晚高峰呼气流速测量),并减少夜间症状评分。目前尚不清楚,对于新诊断为轻度哮喘的 6-18 岁患儿,在改善 6 个月时临床评分和肺功能方面,使用大剂量或小剂量布地奈德是否比口服孟鲁司特更有效。 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。在 6-12 岁的儿童中,改善肺功能,减少挽救药物使用天数,提高家长和医生对治疗的满意度,并减少夜间症状评分:有低质量的证据表明,对于 6-12 岁慢性哮喘持续至少 6 个月的患儿,与使用口服孟鲁司特相比,使用吸入氟替卡松能更有效地改善肺功能、减少挽救药物使用天数、提高家长和医生“非常满意”治疗的比例(由FEV1,早晚高峰呼气流速测量),并减少夜间症状评分。目前尚不清楚,对于新诊断为轻度哮喘的 6-18 岁患儿,在改善 6 个月时临床评分和肺功能方面,使用大剂量或小剂量布地奈德是否比口服孟鲁司特更有效。
证据 C 减少支气管扩张剂和口服皮质类固醇的使用:有低质量证据表明,吸入性皮质类固醇联合常规治疗可能会比口服茶碱联合常规治疗在减少支气管扩张剂使用方面更有效,但不能改善儿童哮喘症状平均评分。 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。减少支气管扩张剂和口服皮质类固醇的使用:有低质量证据表明,吸入性皮质类固醇联合常规治疗可能会比口服茶碱联合常规治疗在减少支气管扩张剂使用方面更有效,但不能改善儿童哮喘症状平均评分。
证据 C 哮喘急性发作天数减少:有低质量证据表明,对于使用吸入性布地奈德至少 6 周的 6-14 岁的持续哮喘儿童,加用口服孟鲁司特(白三烯受体拮抗剂)比加用安慰剂能更有效地在 4 周时适度减少哮喘急性发作的天数,但不能改善总体评估或者减少需要非计划使用内科干预或口服皮质类固醇治疗的哮喘发作的次数。 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。哮喘急性发作天数减少:有低质量证据表明,对于使用吸入性布地奈德至少 6 周的 6-14 岁的持续哮喘儿童,加用口服孟鲁司特(白三烯受体拮抗剂)比加用安慰剂能更有效地在 4 周时适度减少哮喘急性发作的天数,但不能改善总体评估或者减少需要非计划使用内科干预或口服皮质类固醇治疗的哮喘发作的次数。
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