已知的过敏性哮喘患者应避免刺激物。如果环境中存在烟草烟雾会使已有的哮喘进一步恶化。母亲每天吸烟超过 10 支,其子女罹患哮喘的风险最高。[282]National Health and Medical Research Council. The health effects of passive smoking; a scientific information paper. Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services, Canberra, 1997. 针对过敏和哮喘的二级预防措施包括避免超重、减少室内和室外空气污染等。[43]Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. Oct 2014. http://www.sign.ac.uk (last accessed 18 August 2016).http://sign.ac.uk/pdf/SIGN141.pdf[47]Muche-Borowski C, Kopp M, Reese I, et al. Allergy prevention. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2009;106:625-631.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2770205/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19890407?tool=bestpractice.com 肥胖会增加患哮喘的风险。成人中肥胖与哮喘之间存在直接关系的证据很强,但在儿童中这种相关关系证据不明显。[33]Papoutsakis C, Priftis KN, Drakouli M, et al. Childhood overweight/obesity and asthma: is there a link? A systematic review of recent epidemiologic evidence. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013;113:77-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23260726?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Moreira A, Bonini M, Garcia-Larsen V, et al. Weight loss interventions in asthma: EAACI evidence-based clinical practice guideline (part I). Allergy. 2013;68:425-439.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23452010?tool=bestpractice.com 对于运动诱发性哮喘患者,运动前 10-15 分钟使用短效 β2 受体激动剂可以使患者在长达 3 小时之内不发作。[283]Shapiro GG, Kemp JP, DeJong R, et al. Effects of albuterol and procaterol on exercise-induced asthma. Ann Allergy. 1990;65:273-276.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2145791?tool=bestpractice.com
过敏原的免疫治疗方法可以分为皮下免疫疗法 (subcutaneous immunotherapy, SCIT) 和舌下免疫疗法 (sublingual immunotherapy, SLIT)。脱敏疗法适用于常见的过敏原,例如花粉、屋尘螨和猫。虽然该方法在治疗昆虫过敏和过敏性鼻炎的效果已经被证实,但在哮喘治疗方面,其效果和应用仅局限于过敏性哮喘,而不应用于重度和不稳定哮喘的治疗。[43]Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. Oct 2014. http://www.sign.ac.uk (last accessed 18 August 2016).http://sign.ac.uk/pdf/SIGN141.pdf[284]Cox L, Nelson H, Lockey R, et al. Allergen immunotherapy: a practice parameter third update. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127(suppl 1):S1-S55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21122901?tool=bestpractice.com SCIT 虽然可以缓解哮喘症状、减少哮喘用药,并降低过敏原特异性支气管高反应性。然而其对肺功能的效果不一致。[285]Abramson MJ, Puy RM, Weiner JM. Injection allergen immunotherapy for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(8):CD001186.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001186.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20687065?tool=bestpractice.com[286]Lin SY, Erekosima N, Kim JM, et al. Sublingual immunotherapy for the treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma: a systematic review. JAMA. 2013;309:1278-1288.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1672214http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23532243?tool=bestpractice.com SCIT 对成人患者的疗效不如吸入性皮质类固醇。[287]Shaikh WA. Immunotherapy vs inhaled budesonide in bronchial asthma: an open, parallel, comparative trial. Clin Exp Allergy. 1997;27:1279-1284.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9420131?tool=bestpractice.com 有力的证据表明 SLIT 可以改善存在特殊单一过敏原(例如屋尘螨)患者的哮喘症状。[288]Compalati E, Passalacqua G, Bonini M, et al. The efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy for house dust mites respiratory allergy: results of a GA2LEN meta-analysis. Allergy. 2009;64:1570-1579.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02129.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19796205?tool=bestpractice.com[289]Kim JM, Lin SY, Suarez-Cuervo C, et al. Allergen-specific immunotherapy for pediatric asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2013;131:1155-1167.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/131/6/1155.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23650298?tool=bestpractice.com 应用 SLIT 方法治疗成人过敏性鼻炎,其治疗益处大约是 SCIT 的一半。[290]Nelson HS. Allergen immunotherapy: where is it now? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:769-779.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17337297?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然 2 个舌下免疫疗法的产品可能近期被美国食品和药品监督委员会批准使用,但到目前为止,该 SLIT 方法还没有被其所批准使用。到目前为止,关于 SCIL 和 SLIT 的研究已经纳入轻至中度的过敏性哮喘患者,并评估了单药治疗,但还未研究在存在多种过敏原的情况下使用多重治疗。使用 SCIT 治疗罕见的、可能致死的过敏性疾病时,医生应认真权衡其利弊,并且应该与患儿家长进行讨论。关于 SLIT 几乎没有报道严重的不良反应,可以在家给予治疗。目前还没有足够的证据支持推荐 SLIT[291]Normansell R, Kew KM, Bridgman AL. Sublingual immunotherapy for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(8):CD011293.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26315994?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does sublingual immunotherapy affect outcomes in people with asthma?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.985/full显示答案 或 SCIT 作为小儿哮喘的标准治疗。使用 SLIT(相较于安慰剂)可增加所有不良事件的发生风险。[291]Normansell R, Kew KM, Bridgman AL. Sublingual immunotherapy for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(8):CD011293.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26315994?tool=bestpractice.com
哮喘患者可能同时出现变应性鼻炎 (allergic rhinitis, AR)。推荐使用同一方法来治疗该类患者同时存在的气道炎症。[169]Brożek JL, Bousquet J, Agache I, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines-2016 revision. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017 Oct;140(4):950-958.https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(17)30919-3/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28602936?tool=bestpractice.com 在治疗过敏性鼻炎时,白三烯受体拮抗剂优于安慰剂,与抗组胺药疗效相当,但劣于鼻内皮质类固醇激素。[170]Razi C, Bakirtas A, Harmanci K, et al. Effect of montelukast on symptoms and exhaled nitric oxide levels in 7- to 14-year-old children with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;97:767-774.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17201236?tool=bestpractice.com[171]Chen ST, Lu KH, Sun HL, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial comparing montelukast and cetirizine for treating perennial allergic rhinitis in children aged 2-6 yr. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2006;17:49-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16426255?tool=bestpractice.com[172]Nayak A, Langdon RB. Montelukast in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: an evidence-based review. Drugs. 2007;67:887-901.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17428106?tool=bestpractice.com 鼻内皮质类固醇激素能改善哮喘症状和 FEV1。[173]Taramarcaz P, Gibson PG. Intranasal corticosteroids for asthma control in people with coexisting asthma and rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):CD003570.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003570/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14583983?tool=bestpractice.com 针对伴有过敏性鼻炎的成人哮喘患者,联合使用白三烯受体拮抗剂与吸入性皮质类固醇的治疗效果优于使用加倍剂量的吸入性皮质类固醇的治疗效果。[174]Price DB, Swern A, Tozzi CA, et al. Effect of montelukast on lung function in asthma patients with allergic rhinitis: analysis from the COMPACT trial. Allergy. 2006;61:737-742. [Erratum in: Allergy. 2006;61:1153.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16677244?tool=bestpractice.com
哮喘患者接受疫苗接种可以预防哮喘的急性发作。流行性感冒会加重哮喘患儿的医疗负担。[292]Miller EK, Griffin MR, Edwards KM, et al. New Vaccine Surveillance Network. Influenza burden for children with asthma. Pediatrics. 2008;121:1-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18166550?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然缺乏儿科方面的证据支持,但目前指南建议对所有 6 月龄以上的哮喘患儿进行流感疫苗接种。[293]Carroll W, Burkimsher R. Is there any evidence for influenza vaccination in children with asthma? Arch Dis Child. 2007;92:644-645.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2083801/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17588979?tool=bestpractice.com[294]Cates CJ, Rowe BH. Vaccines for preventing influenza in people with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD000364.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000364.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450529?tool=bestpractice.com 接种流感疫苗并未使哮喘患儿在接种疫苗后不长得时间内出现哮喘急性发作增加。[293]Carroll W, Burkimsher R. Is there any evidence for influenza vaccination in children with asthma? Arch Dis Child. 2007;92:644-645.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2083801/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17588979?tool=bestpractice.com[294]Cates CJ, Rowe BH. Vaccines for preventing influenza in people with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD000364.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000364.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450529?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In people with mild to moderate asthma, how do flu vaccines affect asthma symptoms?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.911/full显示答案 尽管存在这些推荐,但疫苗覆盖率依然很低。[295]CDC. Influenza vaccination coverage among children with asthma - United States, 2004-05 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56:193-196.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5609a2.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17347643?tool=bestpractice.com 肺炎链球菌疫苗在许多国家属于常规免疫接种疫苗。但未证明该疫苗对控制哮喘有益。[296]Sheikh A, Alves B, Dhami S. Pneumococcal vaccine for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(1):CD002165.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002165/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11869626?tool=bestpractice.com
基于学校的干预措施、社区卫生工作者的访视和强度更大的培训/监测可能有助于改善特定人群的哮喘控制和减少急性发作。[297]Viswanathan M, Kraschnewski J, Nishikawa B, et al. Outcomes of community health worker interventions. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2009;(181):1-144.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20804230?tool=bestpractice.com[298]Halterman JS, Szilagyi PG, Fisher SG, et al. Randomized controlled trial to improve care for urban children with asthma: results of the School-Based Asthma Therapy trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165:262-268.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21383275?tool=bestpractice.com[299]Bruzzese JM, Sheares BJ, Vincent EJ, et al. Effects of a school-based intervention for urban adolescents with asthma. A controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:998-1006.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21139088?tool=bestpractice.com 一项研究还发现这具有成本效益(投资回报率为 1.9)。[300]Fiks AG, Mayne SL, Karavite DJ, et al. Parent-reported outcomes of a shared decision-making portal in asthma: a practice-based RCT. Pediatrics. 2015;135:e965-e973.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25755233?tool=bestpractice.com[301]Garbutt JM, Yan Y, Highstein G, et al. A cluster-randomized trial shows telephone peer coaching for parents reduces children's asthma morbidity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135:1163-1170.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25445827?tool=bestpractice.com[302]Voorend-van Bergen S, Vaessen-Verberne AA, Brackel HJ, et al. Monitoring strategies in children with asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2015;70:543-550.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/70/6/543.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25825006?tool=bestpractice.com[276]Campbell JD, Brooks M, Hosokawa P, et al. Community health worker home visits for Medicaid-enrolled children with asthma: effects on asthma outcomes and costs. Am J Public Health. 2015;105:2366-2372.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26270287?tool=bestpractice.com 对学校员工进行哮喘教育的获益尚不确定。[303]Kew KM, Carr R, Donovan T, Gordon M. Asthma education for school staff. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 12;4:CD012255.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012255.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28402017?tool=bestpractice.com 一项 Cochrane 评价分析了 5 项有关儿童和青少年哮喘的家长心理干预的研究,但没有发现心理治疗的有效性证据。[304]Eccleston C, Fisher E, Law E, et al. Psychological interventions for parents of children and adolescents with chronic illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(4):CD009660.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009660.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25874881?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,哮喘儿童可能有与哮喘不相关的心理问题,需要单独处理。