哮喘管理的目标是实现疾病控制,这样儿童无日间症状或夜间觉醒,不需要急救药物,急性发作情况最少(无严重急性发作),无活动受限,和在维持最低药物不良反应基础上,肺功能正常(实际上指一秒以内最大呼气容积 (FEV1) 和/或最大呼气量 (PEFR)>80% 预计值或最高值)。持续给予哮喘预防用药治疗可获得疗效,当治疗停止后疗效中断。[94]Strunk RC, Sternberg AL, Szefler SJ, et al. Long-term budesonide or nedocromil treatment, once discontinued, does not alter the course of mild to moderate asthma in children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2009;154:682-687.e7.http://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476%2808%2901034-2/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19167726?tool=bestpractice.com 哮喘的控制良好和预防急性发作是非常重要的。最新数据表明:严重哮喘急性发作与儿童期肺功能迅速下降有关,但该现象并未出现在青少年患者中,使用低剂量吸入皮质类固醇治疗哮喘则可减轻这种肺功能的下降。[13]Reddel HK, Taylor DR, Bateman ED, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: asthma control and exacerbations: standardizing endpoints for clinical asthma trials and clinical practice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180:59-99.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.200801-060ST#.U_cpi_ldU9Ihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19535666?tool=bestpractice.com[14]O'Byrne PM, Pedersen S, Lamm CJ, et al. Severe exacerbations and decline in lung function in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;179:19-24.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.200807-1126OC#.U_coafldU9Ihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18990678?tool=bestpractice.com
在临床实践中必须平衡治疗目标及药物潜在不良反应的关系,例如药物对儿童生长发育的影响或服药不便捷。例如,虽然大多数哮喘儿童的其它症状可以得到很好地控制,但仍有很多儿童不能避免病毒感染诱发的急性发作。一项研究强调了处于哮喘管理指南步骤 3 的儿科哮喘患者对于治疗反应的异质性,并且比较了该步骤中处于治疗梯队中的 3 种治疗方法的差异 [高剂量吸入皮质类固醇 (ICS)、皮质类固醇加白三烯受体拮抗剂 (LTRAs)、皮质类固醇加长效受体拮抗剂 (LABAs)]。[95]Lemanske RF Jr, Mauger DT, Sorkness CA, et al. Step-up therapy for children with uncontrolled asthma receiving inhaled corticosteroids. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:975-985.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1001278#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20197425?tool=bestpractice.com 医生们不能判断出采用哪种治疗方案患者的反应效果最好。因此,要强调对未达到最佳哮喘控制的儿童,医生需要回顾哮喘患儿对治疗的反应程度并对改变治疗方案进行评估,并且如果不能证明治疗有效,则应该停止该治疗方案并评估其他可选方案。
教育是开展儿童患者哮喘治疗的基础,应该包括对儿童开展如何合理使用药物、吸入器使用技巧(包括低幼儿童所使用面罩)和如何撰写个人哮喘管理方案等方面的培训。
吸入皮质类固醇 (ICS) 的有益效果早已确定。[96]Calpin C, Macarthur C, Stephens D, et al. Effectiveness of prophylactic inhaled steroids in childhood asthma: a systemic review of the literature. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;100:452-457.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9338536?tool=bestpractice.com [ ]How do anti-leukotriene agents compare with inhaled corticosteroids in the management of recurrent and/or chronic asthma in children?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.175/full显示答案 有许多不同的 ICS 药物可用,药物各自剂量不同。部分原因是生成的药物颗粒大小和随后的药物沉积。局部不良反应是可避免的,特别是通过储雾罐给药,可限制口咽部沉积。[97]Adams NP, Bestall JC, Jones P, et al. Fluticasone at different doses for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD003534.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003534.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843646?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Abdullah AK, Khan S. Evidence-based selection of inhaled corticosteroid for treatment of chronic asthma. J Asthma. 2007;44:1-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17365197?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Rohatagi S, Luo Y, Shen L, et al. Protein binding and its potential for eliciting minimal systemic side effects with a novel inhaled corticosteroid, ciclesonide. Am J Ther. 2005;12:201-209.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15891262?tool=bestpractice.com 在接受口服皮质类固醇治疗 1 年以上的哮喘儿童中,有 15%-35% 儿童患有白内障。但是在儿童哮喘管理项目 (Childhood Asthma Management Program, CAMP) 队列随访研究中发现使用低或中等剂量吸入用皮质类固醇作为维持治疗的儿童,其白内障患病风险并没有增加。[100]Shapiro GG, Tattoni DS, Kelley VC, et al. Growth, pulmonary, and endocrine function in chronic asthma patients on daily and alternate-day adrenocorticosteroid therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1976;57:430-439.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/177474?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Raissy HH, Sternberg AL, Williams P, et al. Risk of cataracts in the Childhood Asthma Management Program Cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:389-392.e4.http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2810%2900741-4/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20621348?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Bhagat RG, Chai H. Development of posterior subcapsular cataracts in asthmatic children. Pediatrics. 1984;73:626-630.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6718118?tool=bestpractice.com 开始给予皮质类固醇治疗时,初始低剂量治疗和初始高剂量随后减量治疗同样有效。[103]Powell H, Gibson PG. High dose versus low dose inhaled corticosteroid as initial starting dose for asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD004109.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004109.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15106238?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C改善肺功能、支气管反应性、气道反应性、症状评分和急性加重:有低质量的证据表明,在 6-16 岁治疗依从性良好的已予以每日两次倍率米松吸入治疗的儿童中,在改善肺功能、症状评分、支气管反应性、气道反应性或 1 年内急性发作次数等方面,增加每日两次吸入倍率米松治疗并不比增加安慰剂治疗更有效。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 使用中等剂量的吸入性皮质类固醇,其主要不良反应表现为局部症状(如念珠菌感染)或一过性的生长迟缓。故应监测所有接受治疗儿童的生长发育情况。与成年人不同,未发现儿童中呼吸道感染的增加与使用 ICS 有关。[104]Cazeiro C, Silva C, Mayer S, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids and respiratory infections in children with asthma: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2017 Mar;139(3).http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/139/3/e20163271.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235797?tool=bestpractice.com 人们担心吸入性皮质类固醇(尤其是高剂量使用时)所引起的全身性不良反应。证据 A线性生长影响和肾上腺抑制的效果:有高质量的证据表明,吸入性皮质类固醇抑制轻度至中度持续性哮喘和使用高剂量吸入性皮质类固醇的儿童的生长。[105]The Childhood Asthma Management Program Research Group. Long-term effects of budesonide or nedocromil in children with asthma. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1054-1063.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200010123431501#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11027739?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Sharek PJ, Bergman DA, Ducharme FM. Beclomethasone for asthma in children: effects on linear growth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1999;(3):CD001282.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001282/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10796632?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Guilbert TW, Mauger DT, Allen DB, et al; Childhood Asthma Research and Education Network of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Growth of preschool children at high risk for asthma 2 years after discontinuation of fluticasone. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128:956-963.e7.http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2811%2900999-7/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21820163?tool=bestpractice.com 停药后可能出现赶上生长现象,但不是所有儿童都出现此现象。[108]Agertoft L, Pedersen S. Effect of long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide on adult height in children with asthma. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1064-1069.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200010123431502#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11027740?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Kelly HW, Sternberg AL, Lescher R, et al; CAMP Research Group. Effect of inhaled glucocorticoids in childhood on adult height. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:904-912.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1203229#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22938716?tool=bestpractice.com 年幼儿童和那些使用较高剂量吸入性皮质类固醇的儿童的风险更高。[107]Guilbert TW, Mauger DT, Allen DB, et al; Childhood Asthma Research and Education Network of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Growth of preschool children at high risk for asthma 2 years after discontinuation of fluticasone. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128:956-963.e7.http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2811%2900999-7/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21820163?tool=bestpractice.com 男孩患者(但不是女孩)会出现骨矿物质的沉积减少,但随骨质疏松的风险不会增加。[110]Kelly HW, Van Natta ML, Covar RA, et al. CAMP Research Group. The effect of long-term corticosteroid use on bone mineral density in children: a prospective longitudinal assessment in the childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP) study. Pediatrics. 2008;122:e53-e61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2928657/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18595975?tool=bestpractice.com[111]Adams N, Lasserson TJ, Cates CJ, et al. Fluticasone versus beclomethasone or budesonide for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD002310.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002310.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943772?tool=bestpractice.com 已经证明使用 800-3200 μg 的布地奈德患者会出现肾上腺抑制,在出现肾上腺危象病例中,经常与使用高剂量的氟替卡松有关。[112]Adams N, Bestall J, Jones PW. Budesonide at different doses for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(4):CD003271.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003271/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11687182?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Sharek PJ, Bergman DA, Ducharme FM. Beclomethasone for asthma in children: effects on linear growth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1999;(3):CD001282.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001282/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10796632?tool=bestpractice.com[113]Todd GR, Acerini CL, Ross-Russell R, et al. Survey of adrenal crisis associated with inhaled corticosteroids in the United Kingdom. Arch Dis Child. 2002 Dec;87(6):457-61.http://adc.bmj.com/content/87/6/457.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12456538?tool=bestpractice.com 环索奈德(与其他吸入用皮质类固醇相比)一直被认为不会对患者的身高和肾上腺功能产生有害影响,[114]Skoner DP, Maspero J, Banerji D, et al. Assessment of the long-term safety of inhaled ciclesonide on growth in children with asthma. Pediatrics. 2008 Jan;121(1):e1-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18070931?tool=bestpractice.com 但一项 meta 分析显示结论相反。[115]Kramer S, Rottier BL, Scholten RJ, et al. Ciclesonide versus other inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD010352.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010352/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450613?tool=bestpractice.com 曾有患者出现后囊白内障的相关报道,但一直没有发现长期使用低至中等剂量吸入性皮质类固醇是患者罹患白内障的一个危险因素。[101]Raissy HH, Sternberg AL, Williams P, et al. Risk of cataracts in the Childhood Asthma Management Program Cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:389-392.e4.http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2810%2900741-4/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20621348?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 口服皮质类固醇使用的激增可以引起减少骨矿物质的累积,增加罹患骨质疏松的风险。[110]Kelly HW, Van Natta ML, Covar RA, et al. CAMP Research Group. The effect of long-term corticosteroid use on bone mineral density in children: a prospective longitudinal assessment in the childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP) study. Pediatrics. 2008;122:e53-e61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2928657/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18595975?tool=bestpractice.com 与使用≤14 天的口服皮质类固醇相关的常见不良急性事件是呕吐、行为改变和睡眠障碍(发生率分别为 5.4%、4.7% 和 4.3%)。[66]Aljebab F, Choonara I, Conroy S. Systematic review of the toxicity of short-course oral corticosteroids in children. Arch Dis Child. 2016;101:365-370.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26768830?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价也表明,其他较不常见但很严重的不良事件是感染(发生率为 0.9%)、血压升高(发生率为 39%)、下丘脑-垂体轴抑制(发生率为 81%)和体重增加(发生率为 28%)。[66]Aljebab F, Choonara I, Conroy S. Systematic review of the toxicity of short-course oral corticosteroids in children. Arch Dis Child. 2016;101:365-370.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26768830?tool=bestpractice.com另一项关于使用口服皮质类固醇进行至少 15 天治疗(包括哮喘在内的多种原因)的系统评价显示,体重增加、类库欣表现、以及生长迟缓等不良反应的发生率分别为 22.4%、20.6% 和 18.9%。还发现可致死感染的易感性增加。[84]Aljebab F, Choonara I, Conroy S. Long-course oral corticosteroid toxicity in children. Arch Dis Child. 2016 Sep;101(9):e2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27540239?tool=bestpractice.com
新型 ICS 药物(例如莫米松、环索奈徳和糠酸氟替卡松)目前只获准用于 12 周岁及以上的儿童,被认为具有较好的副作用记录。后来的证据显示,与布地奈德和氟替卡松相比,环索奈徳的优点未被证实或驳斥。[115]Kramer S, Rottier BL, Scholten RJ, et al. Ciclesonide versus other inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD010352.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010352/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450613?tool=bestpractice.com [ ]How does ciclesonide compare with other inhaled corticosteroids in children and adolescents with chronic asthma?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.250/full显示答案 ICS 的剂量当量因皮质类固醇的效力和颗粒大小而异;一般而言,新型 ICS 和基于氢氟烷 (HFA) 的产品单位重量的效力更大。[116]Daley-Yates PT. Inhaled corticosteroids: potency, dose equivalence and therapeutic index. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;80:372-380.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574823/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25808113?tool=bestpractice.com 干粉吸入剂和基于含氯氟烃的定量吸入剂 (MDI) 的颗粒大多直径为 3-5 μm,而基于 HFA 的 MDI 更小(约 1 μm)。[116]Daley-Yates PT. Inhaled corticosteroids: potency, dose equivalence and therapeutic index. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;80:372-380.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574823/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25808113?tool=bestpractice.com
美国国立卫生研究院 (NIH) 指南推荐严重持续性哮喘儿童患者使用大剂量 ICS。[2]National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. July 2007. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ (last accessed 18 August 2016).http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-pro/guidelines/current/asthma-guidelines/full-report.htm 指南中没有高剂量治疗最大剂量的报道。因此,应根据患者对药物的反应及不良反应逐渐审慎地增加药物使用剂量。在高剂量 ICS 作用下可能出现肾上腺抑制,因此,在开始此治疗前需专科医生进行肺部评估。应当指出的是,生产商推荐的最大剂量低于指南推荐的剂量。
尽管针对治疗难控性成人哮喘患者,在皮质类固醇治疗基础上增加长效 β 受体激动剂取得了很好地效果,但是在儿童患者中增加长效 β 受体激动剂效果不同,不能被推广到儿童中。[117]Chauhan BF, Chartrand C, Ni Chroinin M, et al. Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(11):CD007949.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26594816?tool=bestpractice.com[118]Edwards SJ, von Maltzahn R, Naya IP, et al. Budesonide/formoterol for maintenance and reliever therapy of asthma: A meta analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int J Clin Pract. 2010;64:619-627.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20456215?tool=bestpractice.com [ ]In children with chronic asthma, what are the benefits and harms of adding long-acting beta2-agonists compared with adding anti-leukotrienes to inhaled corticosteroids?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.350/full显示答案 额外需要关注的是儿童中使用长效 β 受体激动剂 (LABAs) 会增加哮喘急性发作率。[95]Lemanske RF Jr, Mauger DT, Sorkness CA, et al. Step-up therapy for children with uncontrolled asthma receiving inhaled corticosteroids. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:975-985.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1001278#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20197425?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Chauhan BF, Chartrand C, Ni Chroinin M, et al. Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(11):CD007949.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26594816?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What adverse events are associated with formoterol when used for the regular treatment of chronic asthma?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.924/full显示答案 现在并未发现使用长效 β 受体激动剂 (LABAs) 对 5 岁以下儿童有益的证据。出于安全用药的考虑,在出现更合适地针对儿童的证据之前,一定要严格遵守指南中所推荐的用药规范。目前尚无针对 12 岁以下患者中联合使用吸入性皮质类固醇 (ICS) 和长效 β 受体激动剂 (LABAs) 进行治疗的对比性研究。[119]Lasserson TJ, Ferrara G, Casali L. Combination fluticasone and salmeterol versus fixed dose combination budesonide and formoterol for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(12):CD004106.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004106.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22161385?tool=bestpractice.com
根据成人中研究结果表明,与使用白三烯受体拮抗剂相比,在吸入性皮质类固醇 (ICS) 基础上加用 LABA 在提高患者肺功能、增加无症状天数、减少急救性 β-2 激动剂使用、改善症状、夜间觉醒和生活质量等方面具有显著统计学意义,[120]Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta2-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD003137.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003137.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24459050?tool=bestpractice.com 但在儿童患者中数据不充分,不足以判断作为辅助治疗使用白三烯受体拮抗剂是否与使用长效β受体激动剂 (LABA) 效果等价或更好。[120]Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta2-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD003137.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003137.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24459050?tool=bestpractice.com
由于在白三烯受体拮抗剂用药方案中可以每日口服一次,患者依从性好,因此该类药物在儿童慢性哮喘治疗中的获益情况尤佳。[121]Maspero JF, Duenas-Meza E, Volovitz B, et al. Oral montelukast versus inhaled beclomethasone in 6- to 11-year-old children with asthma: results of an open-label extension study evaluating long-term safety, satisfaction, and adherence with therapy. Curr Med Res Opin. 2001;17:96-104.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11759189?tool=bestpractice.com 作为单药疗法,LTRA 较安慰剂而言,可减少急性发作,且可能会改善肺功能。[122]Miligkos M, Bannuru RR, Alkofide H, et al. Leukotriene-receptor antagonists versus placebo in the treatment of asthma in adults and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163:756-767.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4648683/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26390230?tool=bestpractice.com 针对运动诱发哮喘,白三烯受体拮抗剂无论是作为单药治疗,还是作为吸入性皮质类固醇的附加药物,在一些患儿中的治疗效果优于长效受体激动剂,这一点已经被证实。[123]Stelmach I, Grzelewski T, Majak P, et al. Effect of different antiasthmatic treatments on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121:383-389.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17980416?tool=bestpractice.com[124]Fogel RB, Rosario N, Aristizabal G, et al. Effect of montelukast or salmeterol added to inhaled fluticasone on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;6:511-517.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20568384?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,作为吸入性皮质类固醇治疗的附加药物,其并没有减少中轻度儿童、青少年哮喘患者对急救口服皮质类固醇的需要。[125]Chauhan BF, Ben Salah R, Ducharme FM. Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(10):CD009585.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009585.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24089325?tool=bestpractice.com 与相同剂量的ICS相比,在患有持续性哮喘且控制欠佳的青少年和成人日常ICS中添加LTRAs减少了中度和重度哮喘急性发作,并改善了肺功能和对哮喘的控制。[126]Chauhan BF, Jeyaraman MM, Singh Mann A, et al. Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 16;3:CD010347.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010347.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28301050?tool=bestpractice.com
在非急性发作状态,对哮喘严重程度的分等级涉及多种因素。包括急性发作之间日间和夜间症状严重程度(喘息、咳嗽或胸闷)、发作频率、PEF 或 FEV1 和 PEF 变异率。
准确评估患者哮喘控制水平需考虑以下重要参数:日间和夜间症状,体力活动水平,病情急性发作次数,由于哮喘导致的缺勤,症状缓解药物的使用(不包括运动诱发哮喘症状的预防用药),肺功能和峰流速。应在对儿童的随访中,特别是对持续性哮喘儿童的随访中,对这些参数进行监测。对哮喘控制水平分级方法建议如下:[1]National Asthma Council, Australia. Australian asthma handbook version 1.3. December 2017 [internet publication].http://www.asthmahandbook.org.au/[2]National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. July 2007. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ (last accessed 18 August 2016).http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-pro/guidelines/current/asthma-guidelines/full-report.htm
控制良好
无日间症状
无夜间觉醒
正常体力活动不受限
无急性发作
未由于哮喘缺勤
未使用缓解药物
肺功能和呼气流量峰值正常
控制较好
每周出现日间症状天数<3 天
每周出现夜间症状天数<1 晚
正常体力活动不受限
轻度,急性发作不频繁
未由于哮喘缺勤
每周使用缓解药物的次数<3 次
肺功能和呼气流量峰值处于个人最佳值的 90% 或超过最佳值
控制不良
每周 3 天或以上出现日间症状
每周超过 1 晚出现夜间症状
体力活动受限
中度、重度急性发作
由于哮喘缺勤
每周使用 3 次或以上缓解药物
肺功能和峰流速<个人最佳值的 90%
根据如下列出的管理指南,如果患者出现控制不良的特征,而患者依从性和药物传输已经达到最佳状态,应考虑增加预防性治疗。如果儿童已经连续 3 个月或以上处于管理良好状态,可以考虑降级治疗。缺乏如此处理的循证依据。
指南建议将哮喘的严重程度和控制水平视为阶梯式,根据疾病严重性和控制适度水平可给予升级或降级治疗。[2]National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. July 2007. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ (last accessed 18 August 2016).http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-pro/guidelines/current/asthma-guidelines/full-report.htm 阶梯式治疗方法是为了帮助制定而不是替代满足患者个体需求的临床决策。
有关治疗的具体证据已在本主题的治疗章节中提供。一篇综述对现有的证据进行了更详细的讨论。[127]Robinson PD, Van Asperen P. Asthma in childhood. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2009;56:191-226.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19135588?tool=bestpractice.com
以年龄为基础,将患者的严重程度和推荐的治疗方法分为以下几个类别。个体的严重程度取决于目前最严重的疾病特征水平。未提及与症状模式相关的其他疾病特征。所有主要国际指南都建议根据 3 个年龄组(< 5 周岁、5-11 周岁和 12 周岁及以上)进行分级,因为表型、重叠综合征、证据以及药物的反应和不良事件都取决于年龄。[128]de Nijs SB, Venekamp LN, Bel EH. Adult-onset asthma: is it really different? Eur Respir Rev. 2013;22:44-52.http://err.ersjournals.com/content/22/127/44.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23457164?tool=bestpractice.com[129]McMahon AW, Levenson MS, McEvoy BW, et al. Age and risks of FDA-approved long-acting β₂-adrenergic receptor agonists. Pediatrics. 2011;128:e1147-1154.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=22025595http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22025595?tool=bestpractice.com 全球哮喘防治倡议 (GINA) 指南是唯一提供了 5 岁以上儿童与成人管理步骤的指南。[71]Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention (2018 update). March 2018 [internet publication].http://ginasthma.org/2018-gina-report-global-strategy-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/
对于有间断性(旧称偶发性)症状或运动诱发哮喘的儿童,应考虑给予短效 β 受体激动剂。如果儿童有持续性哮喘表型,应规律给予预防性药物(例如吸入用皮质类固醇 [inhaled corticosteroid, ICS]),从步骤 2 开始。一旦开始使用吸入性皮质类固醇,就应根据患者对治疗的反应情况,按照下列阶梯式方案改变治疗。
治疗步骤 1:需要时吸入短效 β-2 受体激动剂
持续性哮喘(根据患者哮喘的严重程度和控制水平采取下列连续的步骤):
治疗步骤 2:需要时吸入短效 β-2 受体激动剂,加用低剂量吸入用皮质类固醇。证据 A改善儿童和成人患者 FEV1、症状和急性发作水平:有高质量的证据表明,二丙酸倍氯米松优于安慰剂。[130]Adams NP, Bestall JB, Malouf R, et al. Beclomethasone versus placebo for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(1):CD002738.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002738.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15674896?tool=bestpractice.com[131]Martinez FD, Chinchilli VM, Morgan WJ, et al. Use of beclomethasone dipropionate as rescue treatment for children with mild persistent asthma (TREXA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:650-657.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21324520?tool=bestpractice.com 就儿童哮喘结局而言,每天使用吸入用皮质类固醇优于其作为急救药物使用。[131]Martinez FD, Chinchilli VM, Morgan WJ, et al. Use of beclomethasone dipropionate as rescue treatment for children with mild persistent asthma (TREXA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:650-657.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21324520?tool=bestpractice.com 准确的剂量反应曲线在儿科患者中仍不清楚。[132]Adams N, Bestall J, Jones P. Beclomethasone at different doses for long-term asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1999;(4);CD002879.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002879/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11279769?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Verberne AA, Frost C, Duiverman EJ, et al; The Dutch Asthma Study Group. Addition of salmeterol versus doubling the dose of beclomethasone in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:213-219.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/ajrccm.158.1.9706048#.U_dH2_ldU9Ihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9655732?tool=bestpractice.com[134]Lasserson TJ, Cates CK, Jones AB, et al. Fluticasone versus 'extrafine' HFA-beclomethasone dipropionate for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(2):CD005309.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005309.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16625634?tool=bestpractice.com[135]van Aalderen WM, Price D, De Baets FM, et al. Beclometasone dipropionate extrafine aerosol versus fluticasone propionate in children with asthma. Respir Med. 2007;101:1585-1593.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17254760?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。证据 A改善 FEV1:有高质量的证据表明,与使用安慰剂相比,吸入布地奈德对轻度至中度持续性哮喘的控制疗效更显著。[136]Adams N, Bestall J, Jones PW. Budesonide versus placebo for chronic asthma in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1999;(4):CD003274.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003274/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11687183?tool=bestpractice.com[112]Adams N, Bestall J, Jones PW. Budesonide at different doses for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(4):CD003271.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003271/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11687182?tool=bestpractice.com[137]Shapiro G, Bronsky EA, LaForce CF, et al. Dose-related efficacy of budesonide administered via a dry powder inhaler in the treatment of children with moderate to severe persistent asthma. J Pediatr. 1998;132:976-982.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9627589?tool=bestpractice.com 对间歇性哮喘,已证实间歇性吸入布地奈德或倍氯米松的效果优于安慰剂。[138]Zeiger RS, Mauger D, Bacharier LB, et al; CARE Network of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Daily or intermittent budesonide in preschool children with recurrent wheezing. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1990-2001.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1104647#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22111718?tool=bestpractice.com 有低质量证据表明每日使用吸入性皮质类固醇与间歇性吸入性皮质类固醇(加上 β-2 受体激动剂)在预防需口服皮质类固醇进行急救的急性发作中效果相似。然而,在肺功能、气道炎症、哮喘控制和使用症状缓解药物等方面,每日使用吸入性皮质类固醇的效果优于间歇性吸入性皮质类固醇吸入治疗,代价是每日吸入性皮质类固醇导致中等程度的生长发育抑制。[139]Chauhan BF, Chartrand C, Ducharme FM. Intermittent versus daily inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD009611.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009611.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450606?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 可替代的方法是间断吸入皮质类固醇(但是推荐之前还需要更多的证据予以验证)[138]Zeiger RS, Mauger D, Bacharier LB, et al; CARE Network of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Daily or intermittent budesonide in preschool children with recurrent wheezing. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1990-2001.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1104647#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22111718?tool=bestpractice.com[139]Chauhan BF, Chartrand C, Ducharme FM. Intermittent versus daily inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD009611.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009611.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450606?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention (2018 update). March 2018 [internet publication].http://ginasthma.org/2018-gina-report-global-strategy-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/或非类固醇药物(例如孟鲁司特)。国际上对于这个年龄段的儿童并不推荐使用色甘酸钠,但美国国立卫生研究院推荐使用该药。NIH stepwise approach for managing asthma in children 0-4 years of age
治疗步骤 3:需要时吸入短效 β-2 受体激动剂,加用中等剂量吸入用皮质类固醇。证据 A哮喘受益和减少皮质类固醇的效应:有高质量的证据表明,氟替卡松对轻度至中度哮喘有益,包括重症哮喘减少口服皮质类固醇的效应。[97]Adams NP, Bestall JC, Jones P, et al. Fluticasone at different doses for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD003534.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003534.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843646?tool=bestpractice.com 氟替卡松的疗效等同或略优于使用一半剂量的布地奈德或氯氟烃-丙酸倍氯米松产生的效果。[111]Adams N, Lasserson TJ, Cates CJ, et al. Fluticasone versus beclomethasone or budesonide for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD002310.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002310.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943772?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
治疗步骤 4:需要时吸入短效 β-2 受体激动剂,加用中等剂量的吸入用皮质类固醇加非甾体类辅助药物(例如孟鲁司特)。证据 A减少哮喘急性发作率:有高质量的证据表明,常规使用白三烯受体拮抗剂可以减少急性加重发生率和对吸入性皮质类固醇的需求。[140]Bisgaard H, Zielen S, Garcia-Garcia ML, et al. Montelukast reduces asthma exacerbations in 2- to 5-year-old children with intermittent asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171:315-322.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.200407-894OC#.U_dKl_ldU9Ihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15542792?tool=bestpractice.com 已经发现该药物对于改善患者症状、减少短效 β 受体激动剂 (SABA) 和口服皮质类固醇 (OCS) 的使用和提高肺功能等方面有疗效。[141]Becker A, Swern A, Tozzi CA, et al. Montelukast in asthmatic patients 6 years-14 years old with an FEV1 > 75%. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20:1651-1659.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15462699?tool=bestpractice.com[142]Knorr B, Franchi LM, Bisgaard H, et al. Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, for the treatment of persistent asthma in children aged 2 to 5 years. Pediatrics. 2001;108:e48.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/108/3/e48.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533366?tool=bestpractice.com[143]Knorr B, Matz J, Bernstein JA, et al; Pediatric Montelukast Study Group. Montelukast for chronic asthma in 6- to 14-year-old children: a randomized, double-blind trial. JAMA. 1998;279:1181-1186.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=187439http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9555757?tool=bestpractice.com 与相同剂量的ICS相比,在患有持续性哮喘且控制欠佳的青少年和成人日常ICS中添加LTRAs减少了中度和重度哮喘急性发作,并改善了肺功能和对哮喘的控制。[126]Chauhan BF, Jeyaraman MM, Singh Mann A, et al. Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 16;3:CD010347.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010347.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28301050?tool=bestpractice.com 与吸入性皮质类固醇相比,白三烯受体拮抗剂短疗程的治疗对患者感染的首发体征也有效果。[144]Robertson CF, Price D, Henry R, et al. Short-course montelukast for intermittent asthma in children: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175:323-329.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.200510-1546OC#.U_dKuvldU9Ihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110643?tool=bestpractice.com[145]McKean M, Ducharme F. Inhaled steroids for episodic viral wheeze of childhood. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(1):CD001107.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001107/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10796596?tool=bestpractice.com[146]Oommen A, Lambert PC, Grigg J. Efficacy of a short course of parent-initiated oral prednisolone for viral wheeze in children aged 1-5 years: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;362:1433-1438.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14602435?tool=bestpractice.com[147]Johnston NW, Mandhane PJ, Dai J, et al. Attenuation of the September epidemic of asthma exacerbations in children: a randomized, controlled trial of montelukast added to usual therapy. Pediatrics. 2007;120:e702-e712.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17766511?tool=bestpractice.com 其最大益处在中度至持续性哮喘患者中不存在。尽管白三烯受体拮抗剂 (LTRA) 可作为单药治疗替代吸入性皮质类固醇,但吸入性皮质类固醇具有改善肺功能参数的效果,并且成本效果更高。[148]Garcia Garcia ML, Wahn U, Gilles L, et al. Montelukast, compared with fluticasone, for control of asthma among 6- to 14-year-old patients with mild asthma: the MOSAIC study. Pediatrics. 2005;116:360-369. [Erratum in: Pediatrics. 2005;116:1058.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16061590?tool=bestpractice.com[149]Ostrom NK, Decotiis BA, Lincourt WR, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of low-dose fluticasone propionate and montelukast in children with persistent asthma. J Pediatr. 2005;147:213-220.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16126052?tool=bestpractice.com[150]Stempel DA, Kruzikas DT, Manjunath R. Comparative efficacy and cost of asthma care in children with asthma treated with fluticasone propionate and montelukast. J Pediatr. 2007;150:162-167.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17236894?tool=bestpractice.com[151]Sorkness CA, Lemanske RF Jr., Mauger DT, et al. Long-term comparison of 3 controller regimens for mild-moderate persistent childhood asthma: the Pediatric Asthma Controller Trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:64-72. [Erratum in: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:285.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17140647?tool=bestpractice.com[152]Zeiger RS, Szefler SJ, Phillips BR, et al. Response profiles to fluticasone and montelukast in mild-to-moderate persistent childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:45-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16387583?tool=bestpractice.com[153]Jat GC, Mathew JL, Singh M. Treatment with 400 microg of inhaled budesonide vs 200 microg of inhaled budesonide and oral montelukast in children with moderate persistent asthma: randomized controlled trial. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;97:397-401.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042148?tool=bestpractice.com[154]Szefler SJ, Phillips BR, Martinez FD, et al. Characterization of within-subject responses to fluticasone and montelukast in childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:233-242.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15696076?tool=bestpractice.com[155]Castro-Rodriguez JA, Rodrigo GJ. The role of inhaled corticosteroids and montelukast in children with mild-moderate asthma: results of a systematic review with meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2010;95:365-370.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19946008?tool=bestpractice.com[156]Price D, Musgrave S, Wilson E, et al. A pragmatic single-blind randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of the use of leukotriene receptor antagonists in primary care at steps 2 and 3 of the national asthma guidelines (ELEVATE study). Health Technol Assess. 2011;15:1-132.http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/64999/FullReport-hta15210.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21554855?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,尤其是存在中度气道阻塞时,吸入性皮质类固醇的效果优于白三烯受体拮抗剂。[156]Price D, Musgrave S, Wilson E, et al. A pragmatic single-blind randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of the use of leukotriene receptor antagonists in primary care at steps 2 and 3 of the national asthma guidelines (ELEVATE study). Health Technol Assess. 2011;15:1-132.http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/64999/FullReport-hta15210.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21554855?tool=bestpractice.com[157]Yang D, Luo H, Wang J, et al. Comparison of inhaled corticosteroids and leukotriene receptor antagonists in adolescents and adults with mild to moderate asthma: a meta-analysis. Clin Respir J. 2013;7:74-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22364111?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。证据 C晨间平均肺功能增加和每日 β-2 受体激动剂使用减少:有低质量证据显示,在增加平均晨间肺功能(通过测量 FEV1 来评估)和减少每日 β-2 受体激动剂使用方面,常规治疗联合口服孟鲁斯特(白三烯受体拮抗剂)可能比常规治疗联合安慰剂更为有效,但未减少不使用 β-2 受体激动剂的天数、哮喘恶化儿童所占比例、至少经历一次哮喘发作儿童所占比例和夜间因哮喘觉醒的次数。最近的证据显示,对于学龄儿童,孟鲁斯特作为预防治疗不太可能有益。[158]Weiss KB, Gern JE, Johnston NW, et al. The back to school asthma study: The effect of montelukast on asthma burden when initiated prophylactically at the start of the school year. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;105:174-181.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20674830?tool=bestpractice.com 在 ICS 基础上加用白三烯受体拮抗剂不会减少口服皮质类固醇挽救治疗的使用、住院次数或 FEV1。[125]Chauhan BF, Ben Salah R, Ducharme FM. Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(10):CD009585.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009585.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24089325?tool=bestpractice.com 建议在治疗试验期加用白三烯受体拮抗剂,在未重新评估其对哮喘控制和/或急性加重影响的情况下不应作为长期治疗。[125]Chauhan BF, Ben Salah R, Ducharme FM. Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(10):CD009585.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009585.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24089325?tool=bestpractice.com 关于有持续症状成人和青少年的证据显示,对于已在使用 ICS 的患者,加用 LABA 优于加用孟鲁斯特,但在儿童中的证据不足。[120]Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta2-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD003137.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003137.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24459050?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
步骤 5:需要时吸入短效 β2 受体激动剂加高剂量的吸入性皮质类固醇加非甾体类辅助药物(例如孟鲁司特)
步骤 6:需要时吸入短效 β2 受体激动剂加口服皮质类固醇加高剂量的吸入性皮质类固醇加非甾体类辅助药物(例如孟鲁司特)
尽管加用 β2 受体激动剂对持续性哮喘治疗可能有益,但是儿童对长效 β2 受体激动剂的反应与成人的不同,不应推广到儿童患者。目前缺乏在 0-4 岁年龄组患儿中使用该药物的证据。[117]Chauhan BF, Chartrand C, Ni Chroinin M, et al. Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(11):CD007949.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26594816?tool=bestpractice.com 国际上不推荐在该年龄组使用长效 β2 受体激动剂,这与美国国立卫生研究院的推荐不同。如果可能的话,应将严重持续性哮喘儿童患者(步骤 5 和 6)转诊给专科医生。
对于间歇性(以前偶发的)哮喘或运动诱发哮喘儿童应考虑给予短效 β 受体激动剂。如果儿童患有持续性哮喘,应该从步骤 2 开始治疗,即给予常规预防药物,例如吸入性皮质类固醇。一旦开始使用吸入性皮质类固醇,需根据患者对治疗的反应情况,按照下列一系列的步骤对治疗方案进行修订。NIH stepwise approach for managing asthma in children 5-11 years of age
治疗步骤 1:需要时吸入短效 β-2 受体激动剂
持续性哮喘(根据患者哮喘的严重程度和控制水平采取下列连续的步骤):
治疗步骤 2:需要时吸入短效 β-2 受体激动剂,加用低剂量吸入用皮质类固醇证据 A改善儿童和成人患者 FEV1、症状和急性发作水平:有高质量的证据表明,二丙酸倍氯米松优于安慰剂。[130]Adams NP, Bestall JB, Malouf R, et al. Beclomethasone versus placebo for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(1):CD002738.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002738.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15674896?tool=bestpractice.com[131]Martinez FD, Chinchilli VM, Morgan WJ, et al. Use of beclomethasone dipropionate as rescue treatment for children with mild persistent asthma (TREXA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:650-657.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21324520?tool=bestpractice.com 就儿童哮喘结局而言,每天使用吸入用皮质类固醇优于其作为急救药物使用。[131]Martinez FD, Chinchilli VM, Morgan WJ, et al. Use of beclomethasone dipropionate as rescue treatment for children with mild persistent asthma (TREXA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:650-657.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21324520?tool=bestpractice.com 准确的剂量反应曲线在儿科患者中仍不清楚。[132]Adams N, Bestall J, Jones P. Beclomethasone at different doses for long-term asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1999;(4);CD002879.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002879/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11279769?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Verberne AA, Frost C, Duiverman EJ, et al; The Dutch Asthma Study Group. Addition of salmeterol versus doubling the dose of beclomethasone in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:213-219.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/ajrccm.158.1.9706048#.U_dH2_ldU9Ihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9655732?tool=bestpractice.com[134]Lasserson TJ, Cates CK, Jones AB, et al. Fluticasone versus 'extrafine' HFA-beclomethasone dipropionate for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(2):CD005309.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005309.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16625634?tool=bestpractice.com[135]van Aalderen WM, Price D, De Baets FM, et al. Beclometasone dipropionate extrafine aerosol versus fluticasone propionate in children with asthma. Respir Med. 2007;101:1585-1593.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17254760?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。证据 A改善 FEV1:有高质量的证据表明,与使用安慰剂相比,吸入布地奈德对轻度至中度持续性哮喘的控制疗效更显著。[136]Adams N, Bestall J, Jones PW. Budesonide versus placebo for chronic asthma in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1999;(4):CD003274.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003274/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11687183?tool=bestpractice.com[112]Adams N, Bestall J, Jones PW. Budesonide at different doses for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(4):CD003271.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003271/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11687182?tool=bestpractice.com[137]Shapiro G, Bronsky EA, LaForce CF, et al. Dose-related efficacy of budesonide administered via a dry powder inhaler in the treatment of children with moderate to severe persistent asthma. J Pediatr. 1998;132:976-982.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9627589?tool=bestpractice.com 对间歇性哮喘,已证实间歇性吸入布地奈德或倍氯米松的效果优于安慰剂。[138]Zeiger RS, Mauger D, Bacharier LB, et al; CARE Network of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Daily or intermittent budesonide in preschool children with recurrent wheezing. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1990-2001.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1104647#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22111718?tool=bestpractice.com 有低质量证据表明每日使用吸入性皮质类固醇与间歇性吸入性皮质类固醇(加上 β-2 受体激动剂)在预防需口服皮质类固醇进行急救的急性发作中效果相似。然而,在肺功能、气道炎症、哮喘控制和使用症状缓解药物等方面,每日使用吸入性皮质类固醇的效果优于间歇性吸入性皮质类固醇吸入治疗,代价是每日吸入性皮质类固醇导致中等程度的生长发育抑制。[139]Chauhan BF, Chartrand C, Ducharme FM. Intermittent versus daily inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD009611.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009611.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450606?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 或者非甾体类药物(例如色甘酸钠、奈多米罗、白三烯受体拮抗剂或茶碱)。
治疗步骤 3:需要时吸入短效 β-2 受体激动剂,加用中等剂量吸入用皮质类固醇,证据 A哮喘受益和减少皮质类固醇的效应:有高质量的证据表明,氟替卡松对轻度至中度哮喘有益,包括重症哮喘减少口服皮质类固醇的效应。[97]Adams NP, Bestall JC, Jones P, et al. Fluticasone at different doses for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD003534.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003534.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843646?tool=bestpractice.com 氟替卡松的疗效等同或略优于使用一半剂量的布地奈德或氯氟烃-丙酸倍氯米松产生的效果。[111]Adams N, Lasserson TJ, Cates CJ, et al. Fluticasone versus beclomethasone or budesonide for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD002310.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002310.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943772?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。证据 A对轻度至中度持续性哮喘的疗效和减少口服皮质类固醇的效应:有高质量的证据表明,对轻度至中度持续性哮喘,莫米松具有剂量依赖性,最高剂量为 400 μg/日。[159]O'Connor B, Bonnaud G, Haahtela T, et al. Dose-ranging study of mometasone furoate dry powder inhaler in the treatment of moderate persistent asthma using fluticasone propionate as an active comparator. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001;86:397-404.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11345282?tool=bestpractice.com[160]Bernstein DI, Berkowitz RB, Chervinsky P, et al. Dose-ranging study of a new steroid for asthma: mometasone furoate dry powder inhaler. Respir Med. 1999;93:603-612.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10542973?tool=bestpractice.com 当每天剂量为 800-1600 μg 时具有减少口服皮质类固醇的效应。[161]Karpel JP, Nayak A, Lumry W, et al. Inhaled mometasone furoate reduces oral prednisone usage and improves lung function in severe persistent asthma. Respir Med. 2007;101:628-637.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16875813?tool=bestpractice.com[162]Fish JE, Karpel JP, Craig TJ, et al. Inhaled mometasone furoate reduces oral prednisone requirements while improving respiratory function and health-related quality of life in patients with severe persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106:852-860.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11080706?tool=bestpractice.com 当总剂量相同时,每日一次给药似乎与每日两次给药有效性相同。[163]Hart K, Weatherall M, Shirtcliffe P, et al. Frequency of dosing and comparative doses of mometasone furoate: a meta-analysis. Respirology. 2009;14:1166-1172.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19818054?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 或者加用低剂量吸入用皮质类固醇并联合使用非甾体类辅助药物(例如白三烯受体拮抗剂、证据 A减少哮喘急性发作率:有高质量的证据表明,常规使用白三烯受体拮抗剂可以减少急性加重发生率和对吸入性皮质类固醇的需求。[140]Bisgaard H, Zielen S, Garcia-Garcia ML, et al. Montelukast reduces asthma exacerbations in 2- to 5-year-old children with intermittent asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171:315-322.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.200407-894OC#.U_dKl_ldU9Ihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15542792?tool=bestpractice.com 已经发现该药物对于改善患者症状、减少短效 β 受体激动剂 (SABA) 和口服皮质类固醇 (OCS) 的使用和提高肺功能等方面有疗效。[141]Becker A, Swern A, Tozzi CA, et al. Montelukast in asthmatic patients 6 years-14 years old with an FEV1 > 75%. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20:1651-1659.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15462699?tool=bestpractice.com[142]Knorr B, Franchi LM, Bisgaard H, et al. Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, for the treatment of persistent asthma in children aged 2 to 5 years. Pediatrics. 2001;108:e48.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/108/3/e48.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533366?tool=bestpractice.com[143]Knorr B, Matz J, Bernstein JA, et al; Pediatric Montelukast Study Group. Montelukast for chronic asthma in 6- to 14-year-old children: a randomized, double-blind trial. JAMA. 1998;279:1181-1186.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=187439http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9555757?tool=bestpractice.com 与相同剂量的ICS相比,在患有持续性哮喘且控制欠佳的青少年和成人日常ICS中添加LTRAs减少了中度和重度哮喘急性发作,并改善了肺功能和对哮喘的控制。[126]Chauhan BF, Jeyaraman MM, Singh Mann A, et al. Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 16;3:CD010347.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010347.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28301050?tool=bestpractice.com 与吸入性皮质类固醇相比,白三烯受体拮抗剂短疗程的治疗对患者感染的首发体征也有效果。[144]Robertson CF, Price D, Henry R, et al. Short-course montelukast for intermittent asthma in children: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175:323-329.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.200510-1546OC#.U_dKuvldU9Ihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110643?tool=bestpractice.com[145]McKean M, Ducharme F. Inhaled steroids for episodic viral wheeze of childhood. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(1):CD001107.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001107/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10796596?tool=bestpractice.com[146]Oommen A, Lambert PC, Grigg J. Efficacy of a short course of parent-initiated oral prednisolone for viral wheeze in children aged 1-5 years: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;362:1433-1438.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14602435?tool=bestpractice.com[147]Johnston NW, Mandhane PJ, Dai J, et al. Attenuation of the September epidemic of asthma exacerbations in children: a randomized, controlled trial of montelukast added to usual therapy. Pediatrics. 2007;120:e702-e712.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17766511?tool=bestpractice.com 其最大益处在中度至持续性哮喘患者中不存在。尽管白三烯受体拮抗剂 (LTRA) 可作为单药治疗替代吸入性皮质类固醇,但吸入性皮质类固醇具有改善肺功能参数的效果,并且成本效果更高。[148]Garcia Garcia ML, Wahn U, Gilles L, et al. Montelukast, compared with fluticasone, for control of asthma among 6- to 14-year-old patients with mild asthma: the MOSAIC study. Pediatrics. 2005;116:360-369. [Erratum in: Pediatrics. 2005;116:1058.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16061590?tool=bestpractice.com[149]Ostrom NK, Decotiis BA, Lincourt WR, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of low-dose fluticasone propionate and montelukast in children with persistent asthma. J Pediatr. 2005;147:213-220.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16126052?tool=bestpractice.com[150]Stempel DA, Kruzikas DT, Manjunath R. Comparative efficacy and cost of asthma care in children with asthma treated with fluticasone propionate and montelukast. J Pediatr. 2007;150:162-167.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17236894?tool=bestpractice.com[151]Sorkness CA, Lemanske RF Jr., Mauger DT, et al. Long-term comparison of 3 controller regimens for mild-moderate persistent childhood asthma: the Pediatric Asthma Controller Trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:64-72. [Erratum in: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:285.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17140647?tool=bestpractice.com[152]Zeiger RS, Szefler SJ, Phillips BR, et al. Response profiles to fluticasone and montelukast in mild-to-moderate persistent childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:45-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16387583?tool=bestpractice.com[153]Jat GC, Mathew JL, Singh M. Treatment with 400 microg of inhaled budesonide vs 200 microg of inhaled budesonide and oral montelukast in children with moderate persistent asthma: randomized controlled trial. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;97:397-401.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042148?tool=bestpractice.com[154]Szefler SJ, Phillips BR, Martinez FD, et al. Characterization of within-subject responses to fluticasone and montelukast in childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:233-242.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15696076?tool=bestpractice.com[155]Castro-Rodriguez JA, Rodrigo GJ. The role of inhaled corticosteroids and montelukast in children with mild-moderate asthma: results of a systematic review with meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2010;95:365-370.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19946008?tool=bestpractice.com[156]Price D, Musgrave S, Wilson E, et al. A pragmatic single-blind randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of the use of leukotriene receptor antagonists in primary care at steps 2 and 3 of the national asthma guidelines (ELEVATE study). Health Technol Assess. 2011;15:1-132.http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/64999/FullReport-hta15210.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21554855?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,尤其是存在中度气道阻塞时,吸入性皮质类固醇的效果优于白三烯受体拮抗剂。[156]Price D, Musgrave S, Wilson E, et al. A pragmatic single-blind randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of the use of leukotriene receptor antagonists in primary care at steps 2 and 3 of the national asthma guidelines (ELEVATE study). Health Technol Assess. 2011;15:1-132.http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/64999/FullReport-hta15210.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21554855?tool=bestpractice.com[157]Yang D, Luo H, Wang J, et al. Comparison of inhaled corticosteroids and leukotriene receptor antagonists in adolescents and adults with mild to moderate asthma: a meta-analysis. Clin Respir J. 2013;7:74-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22364111?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 长效 β-2 受体激动剂或茶碱)。在临床实践中,许多医生首选长效 β-2 受体激动剂。
治疗步骤 4:需要时吸入短效 β-2 受体激动剂,加用中等剂量吸入用皮质类固醇加非甾体类辅助药物(例如白三烯受体拮抗剂、证据 C晨间平均肺功能增加和每日 β-2 受体激动剂使用减少:有低质量证据显示,在增加平均晨间肺功能(通过测量 FEV1 来评估)和减少每日 β-2 受体激动剂使用方面,常规治疗联合口服孟鲁斯特(白三烯受体拮抗剂)可能比常规治疗联合安慰剂更为有效,但未减少不使用 β-2 受体激动剂的天数、哮喘恶化儿童所占比例、至少经历一次哮喘发作儿童所占比例和夜间因哮喘觉醒的次数。最近的证据显示,对于学龄儿童,孟鲁斯特作为预防治疗不太可能有益。[158]Weiss KB, Gern JE, Johnston NW, et al. The back to school asthma study: The effect of montelukast on asthma burden when initiated prophylactically at the start of the school year. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;105:174-181.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20674830?tool=bestpractice.com 在 ICS 基础上加用白三烯受体拮抗剂不会减少口服皮质类固醇挽救治疗的使用、住院次数或 FEV1。[125]Chauhan BF, Ben Salah R, Ducharme FM. Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(10):CD009585.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009585.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24089325?tool=bestpractice.com 建议在治疗试验期加用白三烯受体拮抗剂,在未重新评估其对哮喘控制和/或急性加重影响的情况下不应作为长期治疗。[125]Chauhan BF, Ben Salah R, Ducharme FM. Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(10):CD009585.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009585.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24089325?tool=bestpractice.com 关于有持续症状成人和青少年的证据显示,对于已在使用 ICS 的患者,加用 LABA 优于加用孟鲁斯特,但在儿童中的证据不足。[120]Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta2-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD003137.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003137.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24459050?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 长效 β-2 受体激动剂、证据 C清晨呼气流量峰值率,气道反应和支气管反应性改善:有低质量的证据表明,在吸入性倍氯米松基础上增加吸入性沙美特罗(一个长效 β-2 激动剂)可能比单独吸入倍氯米松在提高 3 个月时平均清晨呼气流量峰值率方面更有效,但不能改善 6-16 岁儿童 1 年内肺功能、急性发作比率或症状评分。吸入性皮质类固醇基础上增加吸入性沙美特罗可能比增加安慰剂在提高 3 个月时平均清晨呼气流量峰值率和增加无症状天数方面更有效。吸入性皮质类固醇基础上增加吸入性福莫特罗可能比增加安慰剂在改善近 12 周的肺功能、减少急救药物使用和改善生活质量方面更有效。最近的研究显示沙美特罗/氟替卡松使用 8 周和 12 周与单用氟替卡松控制不完全的学龄儿童给予双倍剂量氟替卡松相比,可更好的提高患者清晨呼气流量峰值率并改善症状控制。[164]Gappa M, Zachgo W, von Berg A, et al; VIAPAED Study Group. Add-on salmeterol compared to double dose fluticasone in pediatric asthma: a double-blind, randomized trial (VIAPAED). Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009;44:1132-1142.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19824054?tool=bestpractice.com[165]de Blic J, Ogorodova L, Klink R, et al. Salmeterol/fluticasone propionate vs. double dose fluticasone propionate on lung function and asthma control in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2009; 20:763-771.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19239660?tool=bestpractice.com 成人患者中,在减少口服类固醇治疗的急性发作方面,增加长效 β 受体激动剂优于增加白三烯受体拮抗剂。[120]Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta2-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD003137.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003137.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24459050?tool=bestpractice.com 儿童患者中缺乏次方便的比较数据。[120]Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta2-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD003137.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003137.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24459050?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,存在安全性方面的担忧,通过同时使用吸入性皮质类固醇能减少但不能消除安全隐患。[166]Cates CJ, Oleszczuk M, Stovold E, et al. Safety of regular formoterol or salmeterol in children with asthma: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(10):CD010005.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010005.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23076961?tool=bestpractice.com 儿童规律使用长效 β 受体激动剂造成严重不良反应比成人更多,但是规律接受福莫特罗治疗的儿童与未接受治疗的儿童相比,不良反应差异无统计学意义。[167]Cates CJ, Jaeschke R, Schmidt S, et al. Regular treatment with formoterol and inhaled steroids for chronic asthma: serious adverse events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD006924.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744625?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 或茶碱证据 B肺功能改善、减少了夜间发作和支气管扩张剂使用剂量:有中等质量的证据表明,在每周至少 2 晚觉醒的 6-15 岁儿童中,在常规治疗的基础上加用茶碱比加用安慰剂能更有效地改善早晨平均 PEFR、减少平均夜间发作的次数和降低支气管扩张剂使用剂量。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。)也有同样的效果。
治疗步骤 5:需要时吸入短效 β2 受体激动剂加高剂量吸入性皮质类固醇加非甾体类辅助药物(例如白三烯受体拮抗剂、长效 β2 受体激动剂或茶碱)。奥马珠单抗 (Omalizumab) 是一种免疫调节剂,对于存在变应性致敏和血清免疫球蛋白 E 升高证据的 6 周岁及以上患者,已获准用作辅助治疗。
治疗步骤 6:需要时吸入短效 β2 受体激动剂加口服皮质类固醇加高剂量吸入性皮质类固醇加非甾体类辅助药物(例如白三烯受体拮抗剂、长效 β2 受体激动剂或茶碱)。奥马珠单抗也可以用作辅助治疗。
如果可能的话,严重持续性哮喘儿童患者(5 级和 6 级)应转诊至专科医生。
长效毒蕈碱拮抗剂噻托溴铵被批准用于大于 6 岁患儿的附加维持治疗。但是,国际指南仅推荐将噻托溴铵用于 12 岁及以上的患儿。[71]Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention (2018 update). March 2018 [internet publication].http://ginasthma.org/2018-gina-report-global-strategy-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/
本专题覆盖 12 岁以下儿童的治疗。12 岁以上患儿与成年人的治疗方式相同,除了例如支气管热成型术等新兴疗法外。请参阅成人哮喘专题以获取更多信息。
对于 12 岁及以上患儿的信息和管理策略应将患儿的社会心理发育阶段和认知技能考虑在内。
一些儿科研究显示,改善慢性哮喘患者的身体健康可以提高患儿的心肺健康功能,并且不会导致其呼吸症状恶化。然而,目前还不清楚这种改变是否能够转化为改善患者的肺功能水平和生活质量。这项发现强调了儿童哮喘管理的总体目标,让儿童尽可能正常生活,包括恢复全部活动。[168]Carson KV, Chandratilleke MG, Picot J, et al. Physical training for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(9):CD001116.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001116.pub4/full
哮喘患者可能同时出现变应性鼻炎 (allergic rhinitis, AR)。推荐使用同一方法来治疗该类患者同时存在的气道炎症。[169]Brożek JL, Bousquet J, Agache I, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines-2016 revision. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017 Oct;140(4):950-958.https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(17)30919-3/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28602936?tool=bestpractice.com 在治疗过敏性鼻炎时,白三烯受体拮抗剂优于安慰剂,与抗组胺药疗效相当,但劣于鼻内皮质类固醇激素。[170]Razi C, Bakirtas A, Harmanci K, et al. Effect of montelukast on symptoms and exhaled nitric oxide levels in 7- to 14-year-old children with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;97:767-774.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17201236?tool=bestpractice.com[171]Chen ST, Lu KH, Sun HL, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial comparing montelukast and cetirizine for treating perennial allergic rhinitis in children aged 2-6 yr. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2006;17:49-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16426255?tool=bestpractice.com[172]Nayak A, Langdon RB. Montelukast in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: an evidence-based review. Drugs. 2007;67:887-901.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17428106?tool=bestpractice.com 鼻内皮质类固醇激素能改善哮喘症状和 FEV1。[173]Taramarcaz P, Gibson PG. Intranasal corticosteroids for asthma control in people with coexisting asthma and rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):CD003570.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003570/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14583983?tool=bestpractice.com 针对伴有过敏性鼻炎的成人哮喘患者,联合使用白三烯受体拮抗剂与吸入性皮质类固醇的治疗效果优于使用加倍剂量的吸入性皮质类固醇的治疗效果。[174]Price DB, Swern A, Tozzi CA, et al. Effect of montelukast on lung function in asthma patients with allergic rhinitis: analysis from the COMPACT trial. Allergy. 2006;61:737-742. [Erratum in: Allergy. 2006;61:1153.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16677244?tool=bestpractice.com
不能证明一系列避免过敏原的措施对哮喘控制有益,包括减少粉尘螨措施、湿度控制、使用静电消除器、控制宠物过敏原、使用非羽绒床单和洞穴疗法(地下环境的使用),因此不推荐采用这些措施。[169]Brożek JL, Bousquet J, Agache I, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines-2016 revision. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017 Oct;140(4):950-958.https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(17)30919-3/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28602936?tool=bestpractice.com[175]Gøtzsche PC, Johansen HK. House dust mite control measures for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(2):CD001187.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001187.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18425868?tool=bestpractice.com[176]Blackhall K, Appleton S, Cates CJ. Ionisers for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(9):CD002986.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002986.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972060?tool=bestpractice.com[177]Kilburn S, Lasserson TJ, McKean M. Pet allergen control measures for allergic asthma in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(1):CD002989.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002989/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12535446?tool=bestpractice.com[178]Campbell F, Jones K. Feather vs. non-feather bedding for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(4):CD002154.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002154/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11034743?tool=bestpractice.com[179]Beamon S, Falkenbach A, Fainburg G, et al. Speleotherapy for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(2):CD001741.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001741/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11406004?tool=bestpractice.com[180]Singh M, Jaiswal N. Dehumidifiers for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD003563.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003563.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23760885?tool=bestpractice.com
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