抗癫痫治疗应该由接受过癫痫疾病培训的神经内科医师启动。[37]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. QS27: Epilepsy in children and young people. February 2013 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs27 癫痫可能会降低患儿及其家人的生活质量,并且可能引起严重危害,例如身体损伤和猝死。癫痫也会影响日常生活的社交方面。基于上述原因,癫痫需要治疗。然而,尽管治疗成功,但部分患儿仍会存在生活质量下降,这与自我低估以及治疗相关不良反应有关。目前主要治疗选择包括:抗惊厥药物治疗、非药物治疗(例如,生酮饮食和迷走神经刺激)以及改变生活方式的措施(即,避免睡眠剥夺和饮酒等任何诱发刺激)。对于患有难治性癫痫的患儿,即使在视频脑电图 (EEG) 或在结构影像学检查中没有明确的癫痫灶,也建议转诊至癫痫手术中心行进一步的评估。[38]Dwivedi R, Ramanujam B, Chandra PS, et al. Surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy in children. N Engl J Med. 2017 Oct 26;377(17):1639-47.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1615335http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29069568?tool=bestpractice.com 对于全身发作性癫痫,很少推荐手术治疗。
抗惊厥药:治疗原则
抗惊厥药是多数癫痫综合征的一线治疗方法,且长期用于预防癫痫发作。确诊为癫痫而非其他可治性疾病的表现时,患者方可接受抗癫痫的长期治疗。误诊癫痫会引起不当治疗且可能造成伤害。
主要治疗目标是预防远期癫痫发作。特定癫痫综合征的诊断可指导抗癫痫药物的选择及疗程。药物治疗常在第二次非诱发性癫痫发作后开始。
抗惊厥药的选择是一个重要决策,同等取决于对特定综合征的疗效以及潜在的药物相关不良反应。研究已经显示,只有少数药物可以控制特发性全面性癫痫,而不引起癫痫发作恶化。[39]Hirtz D, Berg A, Bettis D, et al. Practice parameter: treatment of the child with a first unprovoked seizure. Neurology. 2003 Jan 28;60(2):166-75.http://www.neurology.org/content/60/2/166.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12552027?tool=bestpractice.com 通常首选单药治疗,因其可降低不良反应和药物相互作用的风险,有助于医生权衡症状控制与毒性的正确平衡。[40]Guerrini R, Zaccara G, la Marca G, et al. Safety and tolerability of antiepileptic drug treatment in children with epilepsy. Drug Saf. 2012 Jul 1;35(7):519-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22702637?tool=bestpractice.com 如果单药治疗失败,尝试联合治疗。
对于经一线药物(通常称为“老一代抗癫痫药 [AED]”)治疗未得到控制的患者、有一线药物使用禁忌证的患者、正在使用的其他药物可能与一线药物有显著的药物相互作用的患者以及育龄期女性,应考虑使用新型的抗惊厥药物。需注意的是,在小儿癫痫的治疗中,认为只有很少的新型 AED 可作为第一选择,特别是因为缺乏强有力的证据证明其副作用更少。[40]Guerrini R, Zaccara G, la Marca G, et al. Safety and tolerability of antiepileptic drug treatment in children with epilepsy. Drug Saf. 2012 Jul 1;35(7):519-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22702637?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Verrotti A, Loiacono G, Coppola G, et al. Pharmacotherapy for children and adolescents with epilepsy. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2011 Feb;12(2):175-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21208135?tool=bestpractice.com 一项研究显示,在 12 岁及以上新诊断为全身性癫痫的患者中,左乙拉西坦与拉莫三嗪的疗效和耐受性无显著差异,但是在左乙拉西坦治疗组,能够更快速地调整用量。[42]Rosenow F, Schade-Brittinger C, Burchardi N, et al; LaLiMo Study Group. The LaLiMo Trial: lamotrigine compared with levetiracetam in the initial 26 weeks of monotherapy for focal and generalised epilepsy - an open-label, prospective, randomised controlled multicenter study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012 Nov;83(11):1093-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22595362?tool=bestpractice.com 2017 年的一项 Cochrane 评价支持对全身强直阵挛发作(伴或不伴其他全面性癫痫发作类型)患儿使用丙戊酸钠作为一线治疗,可使用拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦作为丙戊酸钠合适的替代药物,尤其是对于那些有生育能力的女性,对于这类人群,丙戊酸钠由于存在致畸性,可能不是一种恰当的治疗药物。[43]Nevitt SJ, Sudell M, Weston J, et al. Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta-analysis of individual participant data. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(6):CD011412.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011412.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28661008?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do antiepileptic drugs compare for people with generalized tonic-clonic seizures?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1801/full显示答案2018 年,欧洲药品管理局 (EMA) 完成了对丙戊酸及其类似物的审查,并建议在妊娠期禁止将这些药物用于治疗癫痫,因为存在胎儿/儿童出现先天畸形和发育问题的风险。然而,对于一些可能无法停用丙戊酸的癫痫女性来说,可能需要在妊娠期适当的专科护理下继续接受治疗。[44]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. EMA/145600/2018. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf 在美国,对于妊娠期的癫痫,标准临床实践为,仅在其他替代药物不被接受或无效时,才开具丙戊酸及其类似物的治疗处方。如果患者正在服用药物以预防严重癫痫发作并计划备孕,那么应根据个体来决定是继续使用丙戊酸还是更换为替代药物。在欧洲和美国,除非已实施妊娠预防计划并且符合特定的条件,否则丙戊酸及其类似物不得用于育龄期女性患者。[44]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. EMA/145600/2018. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf
虽然多数癫痫患者对药物存在应答,很大比例的患者被证明难治。这会改变管理过程。将吡仑帕奈作为辅助用药则可取得良好的耐受性,并且改善了 12 岁及以上患者特发性全身性癫痫的耐药原发性全身性强直-痉挛性癫痫发作的控制。[45]French JA, Krauss GL, Wechsler RT, et al. Perampanel for tonic-clonic seizures in idiopathic generalized epilepsy: a randomized trial. Neurology. 2015 Sep 15;85(11):950-7.http://www.neurology.org/content/85/11/950.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26296511?tool=bestpractice.com 某一患者若有几次药物试验失败,则需要重新考虑诊断,应探讨药物之外的选择,例如生酮饮食、[46]Martin K, Jackson CF, Levy RG, et al. Ketogenic diet and other dietary treatments for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(2):CD001903.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001903.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26859528?tool=bestpractice.com 迷走神经刺激、[47]Robinson R. Vagal nerve stimulation is more effective than trials of further anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) in children who have already tried >5 AEDs. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2011;15(suppl 1):89.[48]Englot DJ, Chang EF, Auguste KI. Vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy: a meta-analysis of efficacy and predictors of response. J Neurosurg. 2011 Dec;115(6):1248-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21838505?tool=bestpractice.com 或手术。
专科医生越来越多地使用低于通常建议剂量的起始剂量,而剂量上的增加也更加平缓。这一方法可获得较好的癫痫反应和耐受性。具体剂量请参考当地指南。
进展期间的全身性癫痫发作
如果儿童出现癫痫发作,为预防损伤,应立即将儿童处于侧位,并清理气道。如果癫痫发作持续时间超过 5 分钟,或者单独的癫痫发作密集出现,应考虑药物干预。一线选择包括静脉用劳拉西泮、经直肠给予地西泮或经颊部/经鼻给予咪达唑仑[49]McIntyre J, Robertson S, Norris E, et al. Safety and efficacy of buccal midazolam versus rectal diazepam for emergency treatment of seizures in children: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005 Jul 16-22;366(9481):205-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16023510?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Holsti M, Sill BL, Firth SD, et al. Prehospital intranasal midazolam for the treatment of pediatric seizures. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2007 Mar;23(3):148-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17413428?tool=bestpractice.com 但实际上,一些证据显示咪达唑仑可能比地西泮更有效。癫痫发作控制:有良好的证据证明,经颊黏膜/经鼻咪达唑仑与直肠地西泮相比,在急性全身性癫痫发作中更为有效。[49]McIntyre J, Robertson S, Norris E, et al. Safety and efficacy of buccal midazolam versus rectal diazepam for emergency treatment of seizures in children: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005 Jul 16-22;366(9481):205-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16023510?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Holsti M, Sill BL, Firth SD, et al. Prehospital intranasal midazolam for the treatment of pediatric seizures. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2007 Mar;23(3):148-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17413428?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 若上述治疗不起作用,则静脉用苯妥英为二线选择。经过充分培训后,可由儿童的父母或看护者给予经直肠、鼻内和经颊用剂型。一项研究发现,经鼻黏膜给予咪达唑仑和经直肠给予地西泮作为家中终止癫痫发作的急救药物时,两者的疗效无明显差异,但就给药的简便性而言,经鼻黏膜给予咪达唑仑更好。[51]Holsti M, Dudley N, Schunk J, et al. Intranasal midazolam vs rectal diazepam for the home treatment of acute seizures in pediatric patients with epilepsy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010 Aug;164(8):747-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20679166?tool=bestpractice.com 否则,需要急救人员介入。长期癫痫发作或对该治疗无应答的癫痫发作,需要患者住院并给予静脉用抗惊厥药。
癫痫持续状态是所有类型癫痫均可能出现的并发症。具体的定义是持续的癫痫发作或复发性癫痫发作,且发作间期中枢神经系统 (CNS) 功能不恢复至基线状态。[52]Engel J Jr; International League Against Epilepsy. A proposed diagnostic scheme for people with epileptic seizures and with epilepsy: report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2001 Jun;42(6):796-803.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.10401.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11422340?tool=bestpractice.com 关于癫痫持续状态诊断中要求的癫痫发作持续时间,尚无一致意见;不过,多数专科医师赞成 10 分钟或更长时间。
癫痫综合征
癫痫综合征的概念反映第 3 水平的癫痫诊断,其目的在于指导管理。根据常见发生年龄的不同,可以细分癫痫综合征。每种综合征有不同的自然病程,为预防癫痫发作所选择的具体治疗取决于癫痫综合征的类型。在此将讨论以全身性癫痫发作为主的较常见儿童期癫痫综合征。有时无法诊断出儿童的癫痫综合征类型;然而,患儿仍会需要接受抗惊厥治疗。国际抗癫痫联盟 (International League Against Epilepsy, ILAE) 指出“良性”的概念可能造成误解,在新的分类和术语文件中,将这一词替换为“自限性”和“药物反应性”,这两个词分别替换“良性”意义的不同成分。预期特定综合中名称中的"良性"一词将被取代。[1]Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017 Apr;58(4):512-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28276062?tool=bestpractice.com
<1 岁儿童(不包括新生儿)的癫痫综合征
“良性”家族性或非家族性婴儿癫痫
非进行性疾病中的肌阵挛性脑病(发育综合征)
Ohtahara 综合征
该病症是一种重度、极难治疗的癫痫性脑病。
在使用任何其他治疗前,应尝试吡多辛,特别是当癫痫的早期表现为癫痫持续状态时。
丙戊酸钠、苯二氮卓类和 ACTH (促肾上腺皮质激素)和/或皮质类固醇可供选择,但疗效有限。
曾报道唑尼沙胺、氨己烯酸和高剂量苯巴比妥有些价值。[53]Ozawa H, Kawada Y, Noma S, et al. Oral high-dose phenobarbital therapy for early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Pediatr Neurol. 2002 Mar;26(3):222-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11955931?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Ohno M, Shimotsuji Y, Abe J, et al. Zonisamide treatment of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Pediatr Neurol. 2000 Oct;23(4):341-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11068168?tool=bestpractice.com
如有重度耐药,推荐生酮饮食,可能起到一定作用。[55]Kossoff EH, Zupec-Kania BA, Amark PE, et al. Optimal clinical management of children receiving the ketogenic diet: recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group. Epilepsia. 2009 Feb;50(2):304-17.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01765.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18823325?tool=bestpractice.com
当局灶性皮质发育不良是一种病因时,手术(即,大脑半球切除术)可能有效。
早发型肌阵挛性脑病
癫痫性痉挛(包括 West 综合征,之前被称为婴儿痉挛)
大多数抗惊厥药物对癫痫性痉挛无效。不过,一些研究显示皮质类固醇和/或 ACTH(促肾上腺皮质激素)和氨己烯酸(结节性硬化的首选治疗)有效。[56]O'Callaghan FJ, Edwards S, Hancock E, et al. OP50 - 3017: The International Collaborative Infantile Spasms Study (ICISS) comparing hormonal therapies (prednisolone or tetracosactide depot) and vigabatrin versus hormonal therapies alone in the treatment of infantile spasms: Early clinical outcome. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2015 May;19(suppl 1):S16–17.[57]Nelson GR. Management of infantile spasms. Transl Pediatr. 2015 Oct;4(4):260-70.http://tp.amegroups.com/article/view/7810/8912http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26835388?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Hancock EC, Osborne JP, Edwards SW. Treatment of infantile spasms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD001770.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001770.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23740534?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Glaze DG, Hrachovy RA, Frost JD Jr, et al. Prospective study of outcome of infants with infantile spasms treated during controlled studies of ACTH and prednisone. J Pediatr. 1988 Mar;112(3):389-96.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2450190?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Baram TZ, Mitchell WG, Tournay A, et al. High-dose corticotropin (ACTH) versus prednisone for infantile spasms: a prospective, randomized, blinded study. Pediatrics. 1996 Mar;97(3):375-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8604274?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Lux AL, Edwards SW, Hancock E, et al. The United Kingdom Infantile Spasms Study comparing vigabatrin with prednisolone or tetracosactide at 14 days: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 Nov 13-19;364(9447):1773-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15541450?tool=bestpractice.com
关于药物方案、剂量和疗程的推荐存在差异。最常见的方案是先给予 ACTH,之后给予皮质类固醇(一般为泼尼松龙)。为了终止痉挛并改善 EEG 结果,可能需要快速增加治疗剂量。研究表明使用氨己烯酸治疗癫痫性痉挛有效,经常将该药用作一线治疗药物。
在对 ACTH 无反应的患者中,丙戊酸盐可能有效。对于小于 2 岁的癫痫性痉挛患儿,托吡酯的安全性与有效性已被证实。[62]Zou LP, Ding CH, Fang F, et al. Prospective study of first-choice topiramate therapy in newly diagnosed infantile spasms. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2006 Nov-Dec;29(6):343-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095898?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Korinthenberg R, Schreiner A. Topiramate in children with West syndrome: a retrospective multicenter evaluation of 100 patients. J Child Neurol. 2007 Mar;22(3):302-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17621500?tool=bestpractice.com 也曾报道过唑尼沙胺的长期有效性。[64]Suzuki Y, Imai K, Toribe Y, et al. Long-term response to zonisamide in patients with West syndrome. Neurology. 2002 May 28;58(10):1556-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12034801?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Kluger G, Zsoter A, Holthausen H. Long-term use of zonisamide in refractory childhood-onset epilepsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2008 Jan;12(1):19-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17574461?tool=bestpractice.com
对于顽固性癫痫性痉挛,生酮饮食是一种有效的选择。[66]Hartman AL, Vining EP. Clinical aspects of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia. 2007 Jan;48(1):31-42.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.00914.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17241206?tool=bestpractice.com
手术是最后选择,对于有局部脑部异常(特别是 EEG 能够定位的异常改变)的耐药性癫痫性痉挛患儿,考虑手术是恰当的。
婴儿期肌阵挛癫痫
癫痫发作得到控制通常有利,快速应答者表现出更好的转归。
丙戊酸盐单药治疗通常被认为对该类患者有效。[67]Auvin S, Pandit F, De Bellecize J, et al. Benign myoclonic epilepsy in infants: electroclinical features and long-term follow-up of 34 patients. Epilepsia. 2006 Feb;47(2):387-93.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00433.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16499765?tool=bestpractice.com
左乙拉西坦是对丙戊酸盐无应答患者的二线选择。
有研究表明,治疗不及时可能引起远期的认知问题。[68]Oguni H. Symptomatic epilepsies imitating idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2005;46(suppl 9):84-90.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00318.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16302880?tool=bestpractice.com 许多最初怀疑该病症的患者可能发生其他类型的癫痫发作,常会导致诊断的改变。[69]Nordli DR Jr. Idiopathic generalized epilepsies recognized by the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005;46(suppl 9):48-56.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00313.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16302875?tool=bestpractice.com
婴儿重度肌阵挛癫痫(Dravet 综合征)
标准抗惊厥药物对癫痫发作的疗效不佳;不过,丙戊酸或苯二氮卓类药物(例如,氯硝西泮或氯巴占 [clobazam])可能有用。[70]Kassai B, Chiron C, Augier S, et al. Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Epilepsia. 2008 Feb;49(2):343-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18028411?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Chiron C, Marchand MC, Tran A, et al. Stiripentol in severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: a randomised placebo-controlled syndrome-dedicated trial. Lancet. 2000 Nov 11;356(9242):1638-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11089822?tool=bestpractice.com
已经证明,把司替戊醇(一种细胞色素 P450 抑制剂)添加至丙戊酸和氯巴占的联合治疗中是有效的。[70]Kassai B, Chiron C, Augier S, et al. Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Epilepsia. 2008 Feb;49(2):343-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18028411?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Chiron C, Marchand MC, Tran A, et al. Stiripentol in severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: a randomised placebo-controlled syndrome-dedicated trial. Lancet. 2000 Nov 11;356(9242):1638-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11089822?tool=bestpractice.com 已经批准将该药作为辅助治疗与丙戊酸盐和氯巴占联合使用,用于治疗 Dravet 综合征(当氯巴占和丙戊酸盐不能完全控制癫痫发作时)。[70]Kassai B, Chiron C, Augier S, et al. Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Epilepsia. 2008 Feb;49(2):343-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18028411?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Chiron C, Marchand MC, Tran A, et al. Stiripentol in severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: a randomised placebo-controlled syndrome-dedicated trial. Lancet. 2000 Nov 11;356(9242):1638-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11089822?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Brigo F, Igwe SC, Bragazzi NL. Antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(5):CD010483.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010483.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28521067?tool=bestpractice.com
也曾报道过托吡酯作为辅助治疗的疗效。[73]Nieto-Barrera M, Candau R, Nieto-Jimenez M, et al. Topiramate in the treatment of severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy. Seizure. 2000 Dec;9(8):590-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11162758?tool=bestpractice.com癫痫发作控制:有中等质量的证据证明,托吡酯辅助治疗对婴儿期患有婴儿痉挛、Lennox-Gastaut 综合征和重度肌阵挛性癫痫的小儿原发性全身性癫痫有效。[62]Zou LP, Ding CH, Fang F, et al. Prospective study of first-choice topiramate therapy in newly diagnosed infantile spasms. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2006 Nov-Dec;29(6):343-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095898?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Korinthenberg R, Schreiner A. Topiramate in children with West syndrome: a retrospective multicenter evaluation of 100 patients. J Child Neurol. 2007 Mar;22(3):302-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17621500?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Sachdeo RC, Glauser TA, Ritter F, et al. A double-blind, randomized trial of topiramate in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Topiramate YL Study Group. Neurology. 1999 Jun 10;52(9):1882-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10371538?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Nieto-Barrera M, Candau R, Nieto-Jimenez M, et al. Topiramate in the treatment of severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy. Seizure. 2000 Dec;9(8):590-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11162758?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
已知拉莫三嗪会加重该类患者的癫痫发作,不推荐使用。[75]Guerrini R, Dravet C, Genton P, et al. Lamotrigine and seizure aggravation in severe myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1998 May;39(5):508-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9596203?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Crespel A, Genton P, Berramdane M, et al. Lamotrigine associated with exacerbation or de novo myoclonus in idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Neurology. 2005 Sep 13;65(5):762-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16157917?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,对于一些 Dravet 综合征患者,拉莫三嗪可能有益。[77]Dalic L, Mullen SA, Roulet Perez E, et al. Lamotrigine can be beneficial in patients with Dravet syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015 Feb;57(2):200-2.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/dmcn.12593/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25243660?tool=bestpractice.com
一项研究曾报道生酮饮食在一定程度上有效。[66]Hartman AL, Vining EP. Clinical aspects of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia. 2007 Jan;48(1):31-42.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.00914.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17241206?tool=bestpractice.com 对于儿童患者,在 3 次充分尝试抗惊厥药物治疗失败后,应提供生酮饮食。[78]Caraballo RH, Cersosimo RO, Sakr D, et al. Ketogenic diet in patients with Dravet syndrome. Epilepsia. 2005 Sep;46(9):1539-44.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.05705.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16146451?tool=bestpractice.com
幼童期癫痫综合征
伴肌阵挛-失张力发作性(之前称为站立不能性)癫痫(Doose 综合征)
丙戊酸盐单药治疗常有效,大约 50% 的病例有反应。
乙琥胺作为单药治疗或者与丙戊酸盐联合使用时也有效。左乙拉西坦是一个替代选择。
若患者对抗惊厥药治疗无应答,推荐生酮饮食;生酮饮食治疗该综合征高度有效。[79]Kilaru S, Bergqvist AG. Current treatment of myoclonic astatic epilepsy: clinical experience at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Epilepsia. 2007 Sep;48(9):1703-07.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01186.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17651420?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Oguni H, Tanaka T, Hayashi K, et al. Treatment and long-term prognosis of myoclonic-astatic epilepsy of early childhood. Neuropediatrics. 2002 Jun;33(3):122-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12200741?tool=bestpractice.com
Lennox-Gastaut 综合征
该综合征显著耐药,抗惊厥药物单药治疗罕见有效。往往需要高剂量多药治疗,而后者可能反而会增加癫痫发作的频率。
推荐丙戊酸盐作为一线药物。也可以考虑将苯二氮卓类作为一线治疗药物,可单药治疗,也可与丙戊酸盐联合治疗。
二线抗惊厥药包括托吡酯和拉莫三嗪。[74]Sachdeo RC, Glauser TA, Ritter F, et al. A double-blind, randomized trial of topiramate in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Topiramate YL Study Group. Neurology. 1999 Jun 10;52(9):1882-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10371538?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Motte J, Trevathan E, Arvidsson JF, et al; Lamictal Lennox-Gastaut Study Group. Lamotrigine for generalized seizures associated with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1997 Dec 18;337(25):1807-12.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199712183372504#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9400037?tool=bestpractice.com癫痫发作控制:有中等质量的证据证明,拉莫三嗪辅助治疗与安慰剂相比,在控制儿童和青少年原发性全身性癫痫中更为有效。[81]Motte J, Trevathan E, Arvidsson JF, et al; Lamictal Lennox-Gastaut Study Group. Lamotrigine for generalized seizures associated with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1997 Dec 18;337(25):1807-12.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199712183372504#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9400037?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Trevathan E, Kerls SP, Hammer AE, et al. Lamotrigine adjunctive therapy among children and adolescents with primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Pediatrics. 2006 Aug;118(2):e371-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847080?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 拉莫三嗪对非典型性失神发作和跌倒特别有效,可以与苯二氮卓类联合使用。
三线抗惊厥药包括苯巴比妥、非尔氨酯、乙琥胺、左乙拉西坦和唑尼沙胺。非尔氨酯可用作单药治疗或作为辅助治疗。[83]The Felbamate Study Group in Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. Efficacy of felbamate in childhood epileptic encephalopathy (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome). N Engl J Med. 1993 Jan 7;328(1):29-33.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199301073280105#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8347179?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Dodson WE. Felbamate in the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: results of a 12-month open-label study following a randomized clinical trial. Epilepsia. 1993;34(suppl 7):S18-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8243374?tool=bestpractice.com癫痫发作控制:有中等质量的证据证明,非尔氨酯与安慰剂相比,对 Lennox-Gastaut 综合征患者更为有效。[83]The Felbamate Study Group in Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. Efficacy of felbamate in childhood epileptic encephalopathy (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome). N Engl J Med. 1993 Jan 7;328(1):29-33.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199301073280105#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8347179?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Dodson WE. Felbamate in the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: results of a 12-month open-label study following a randomized clinical trial. Epilepsia. 1993;34(suppl 7):S18-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8243374?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 将卢非酰胺、托吡酯和氯巴占作为辅助治疗也可能有帮助。[85]Hancock EC, Cross JH. Treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD003277.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003277.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450537?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Wier HA, Cerna A, So TY. Rufinamide for pediatric patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a comprehensive overview. Pediatr Drugs. 2011 Apr 1;13(2):97-106.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21351809?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Kim SH, Eun SH, Kang HC, et al. Rufinamide as an adjuvant treatment in children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Seizure. 2012 May;21(4):288-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22421185?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Leahy JT, Chu-Shore CJ, Fisher JL. Clobazam as an adjunctive therapy in treating seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011;7:673-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3225341/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22128252?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the effects of rufinamide as an adjunct to conventional antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy for people with refractory epilepsy?https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2133/full显示答案
皮质类固醇和/或 ACTH(促肾上腺皮质激素)在其他抗癫痫药物治疗无效时可能适合短期治疗。
也常将生酮饮食和迷走神经刺激用于顽固性病例。
包括热性惊厥附加综合征 (febrile seizures plus, FS+) 的全面性癫痫伴热性惊厥附加综合征 (generalised epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, GEFS+)
中童期癫痫综合征
儿童失神性癫痫发作
治疗目标为全面控制癫痫发作,并且不引起药物相关不良反应。部分失神发作的患儿亦有全面强直阵挛发作,因此,治疗应同时针对强直阵挛性发作和失神发作,注意这些很重要。
丙戊酸盐是推荐的一线抗惊厥药,该药可同时治疗失神发作和强直阵挛发作。在仅有失神发作的儿童中,乙琥胺是一种合理的选择。
2017 年的一项 Cochrane 评价支持使用拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦作为该一线治疗的合适替代药物,尤其是对于那些有生育可能的女性,对于这类人群,丙戊酸钠由于存在致畸性,可能不是一种恰当的治疗药物。[43]Nevitt SJ, Sudell M, Weston J, et al. Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta-analysis of individual participant data. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(6):CD011412.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011412.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28661008?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do antiepileptic drugs compare for people with generalized tonic-clonic seizures?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1801/full显示答案
对于难治性病例,可以在丙戊酸盐的基础上加用拉莫三嗪。[89]Panayiotopoulos CP. Typical absence seizures and their treatment. Arch Dis Child. 1999 Oct;81(4):351-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1718096/pdf/v081p00351.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10490445?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Coppola G, Auricchio G, Federico R, et al. Lamotrigine versus valproic acid as first-line monotherapy in newly diagnosed typical absence seizures: an open-label, randomized, parallel-group study. Epilepsia. 2004 Sep;45(9):1049-53.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.40903.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15329068?tool=bestpractice.com[91]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Epilepsies: diagnosis and management. April 2018 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 托吡酯和唑尼沙胺是有效的三线选择。
加巴喷丁对该类患者无效,[92]Trudeau V, Myers S, LaMoreaux L, et al. Gabapentin in naive childhood absence epilepsy: results from two double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter studies. J Child Neurol. 1996 Nov;11(6):470-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9120226?tool=bestpractice.com 并且有证据表明,卡马西平和氨己烯酸可能加重失神发作。[91]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Epilepsies: diagnosis and management. April 2018 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 所以,不推荐使用该类药物。
肌阵挛失神性癫痫
该类患者的一线用药是丙戊酸盐加乙琥胺。通常需要大剂量使用。丙戊酸盐、苯巴比妥和苯二氮卓类联用是一个替代选择。
2017 年的一项 Cochrane 评价支持使用拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦作为该一线治疗的合适替代药物,尤其是对于那些有生育可能的女性,对于这类人群,丙戊酸钠由于存在致畸性,可能不是一种恰当的治疗药物。[43]Nevitt SJ, Sudell M, Weston J, et al. Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta-analysis of individual participant data. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(6):CD011412.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011412.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28661008?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do antiepileptic drugs compare for people with generalized tonic-clonic seizures?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1801/full显示答案
眼睑肌阵挛失神性癫痫
该综合征有耐药的可能性。
丙戊酸盐通常用作一线药物。乙琥胺也可能有效。
2017 年的一项 Cochrane 评价支持使用拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦作为该一线治疗的合适替代药物,尤其是对于那些有生育可能的女性,对于这类人群,丙戊酸钠由于存在致畸性,可能不是一种恰当的治疗药物。[43]Nevitt SJ, Sudell M, Weston J, et al. Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta-analysis of individual participant data. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(6):CD011412.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011412.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28661008?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do antiepileptic drugs compare for people with generalized tonic-clonic seizures?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1801/full显示答案
儿童晚期/青少年癫痫综合征
仅有全身性强直阵挛发作的癫痫
该综合征融合了清醒时全面性强直阵挛发作的癫痫。
可能需要改变生活方式,以避免癫痫发作。应警告患者常见的癫痫发作诱发因素,包括睡眠剥夺和饮酒。
一线治疗药物是丙戊酸盐。2017 年的一项 Cochrane 评价支持使用拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦作为丙戊酸钠的合适替代药物,尤其是对于那些有生育能力的女性,对于这类人群,丙戊酸钠由于存在致畸性,可能不是一种恰当的治疗药物。[43]Nevitt SJ, Sudell M, Weston J, et al. Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta-analysis of individual participant data. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(6):CD011412.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011412.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28661008?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do antiepileptic drugs compare for people with generalized tonic-clonic seizures?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1801/full显示答案2018 年,EMA 最终完成了对丙戊酸及其类似物的审查,并建议在妊娠期禁止将这些药物用于癫痫,因为胎儿/儿童存在先天畸形和出现发育问题的风险。然而,对于一些可能无法停用丙戊酸的癫痫女性来说,可能需要在妊娠期适当的专科护理下继续接受治疗。[44]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. EMA/145600/2018. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf 在美国,对于妊娠期的癫痫,标准临床实践为,仅在其他替代药物不被接受或无效时,才开具丙戊酸及其类似物的治疗处方。如果患者正在服用药物以预防严重癫痫发作并计划备孕,那么应根据个体来决定是继续使用丙戊酸还是更换为替代药物。在欧洲和美国,除非已实施妊娠预防计划并且符合特定的条件,否则丙戊酸及其类似物不得用于育龄期女性患者。[44]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. EMA/145600/2018. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf托吡酯和苯巴比妥是有效的二线治疗选择。
在特发性全面性癫痫患者中,卡马西平可能加重癫痫发作,所以不推荐使用。
迷走神经刺激是耐药性特发性全面性癫痫患者的一个选择。[48]Englot DJ, Chang EF, Auguste KI. Vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy: a meta-analysis of efficacy and predictors of response. J Neurosurg. 2011 Dec;115(6):1248-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21838505?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Kostov H, Larsson PG, Roste GK. Is vagus nerve stimulation a treatment option for patients with drug-resistant idiopathic generalized epilepsy? Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 2007;187:55-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17419830?tool=bestpractice.com
青少年肌阵挛性癫痫发作
该类患者需要调整生活方式(避免睡眠剥夺和饮酒)和终身抗惊厥药治疗。
一线选择是丙戊酸盐。在耐药病例中,可以单独使用,或与拉莫三嗪联合使用。[94]Covanis A, Gupta AK, Jeavons PM. Sodium valproate: monotherapy and polytherapy. Epilepsia. 1982 Dec;23(6):693-720.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6816580?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Trevathan E, Kerls SP, Hammer AE, et al. Lamotrigine adjunctive therapy among children and adolescents with primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Pediatrics. 2006 Aug;118(2):e371-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847080?tool=bestpractice.com癫痫发作控制:有中等质量的证据证明,拉莫三嗪辅助治疗与安慰剂相比,在控制儿童和青少年原发性全身性癫痫中更为有效。[81]Motte J, Trevathan E, Arvidsson JF, et al; Lamictal Lennox-Gastaut Study Group. Lamotrigine for generalized seizures associated with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1997 Dec 18;337(25):1807-12.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199712183372504#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9400037?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Trevathan E, Kerls SP, Hammer AE, et al. Lamotrigine adjunctive therapy among children and adolescents with primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Pediatrics. 2006 Aug;118(2):e371-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847080?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
2017 年的一项 Cochrane 评价支持使用拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦作为丙戊酸钠的合适替代药物,尤其是对于那些有生育能力的女性,对于这类人群,丙戊酸钠由于存在致畸性,可能不是一种恰当的治疗药物。[43]Nevitt SJ, Sudell M, Weston J, et al. Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta-analysis of individual participant data. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(6):CD011412.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011412.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28661008?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do antiepileptic drugs compare for people with generalized tonic-clonic seizures?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1801/full显示答案 2018 年,EMA 最终完成了对丙戊酸及其类似物的审查,并建议在妊娠期禁止将这些药物用于癫痫,因为胎儿/儿童存在先天畸形和出现发育问题的风险。然而,对于一些可能无法停用丙戊酸的癫痫女性来说,可能需要在妊娠期适当的专科护理下继续接受治疗。[44]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. EMA/145600/2018. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf 在美国,对于妊娠期的癫痫,标准临床实践为,仅在其他替代药物不被接受或无效时,才开具丙戊酸及其类似物的治疗处方。如果患者正在服用药物以预防严重癫痫发作并计划备孕,那么应根据个体来决定是继续使用丙戊酸还是更换为替代药物。在欧洲和美国,除非已实施妊娠预防计划并且符合特定的条件,否则丙戊酸及其类似物不得用于育龄期女性患者。[44]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. EMA/145600/2018. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf
虽然在控制强直阵挛性发作和失神发作方面有效,但拉莫三嗪单药治疗存在一定的争议,因为其加重肌阵挛性抽搐的风险极高。[95]Tennis P, Eldridge RR; International Lamotrigine Pregnancy Registry Scientific Advisory Committee. Preliminary results on pregnancy outcomes in women using lamotrigine. Epilepsia. 2002 Oct;43(10):1161-7.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2002.45901.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12366730?tool=bestpractice.com
对于其他抗惊厥药无法控制癫痫发作的患者,托吡酯、苯巴比妥和唑尼沙胺是良好的三线选择。[96]Berkovic SF, Knowlton RC, Leroy RF, et al; Levetiracetam N01057 Study Group. Placebo-controlled study of levetiracetam in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Neurology. 2007 Oct 30;69(18):1751-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17625106?tool=bestpractice.com 在用作单药治疗时,左乙拉西坦被认为是最安全、有效的新型抗惊厥药。[97]Sharpe DV, Patel AD, Abou-Khalil B, et al. Levetiracetam monotherapy in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Seizure. 2008 Jan;17(1):64-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17692537?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Verrotti A, Cerminara C, Coppola G, et al. Levetiracetam in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: long-term efficacy in newly diagnosed adolescents. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008 Jan;50(1):29-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18173626?tool=bestpractice.com
在特发性全面性癫痫患者中,卡马西平可能加重癫痫发作,所以不推荐使用。
青少年失神性癫痫发作
该类病症比儿童失神发作更可能引起强直阵挛发作,与儿童失神癫痫相比,继续进展的可能性较小。
该类患者需要调整生活方式(避免睡眠剥夺和饮酒)和终身抗惊厥药治疗。
一线抗惊厥药是丙戊酸。2017 年的一项 Cochrane 评价支持使用拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦作为丙戊酸钠的合适替代药物,尤其是对于那些有生育能力的女性,对于这类人群,丙戊酸钠由于存在致畸性,可能不是一种恰当的治疗药物。[43]Nevitt SJ, Sudell M, Weston J, et al. Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta-analysis of individual participant data. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(6):CD011412.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011412.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28661008?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do antiepileptic drugs compare for people with generalized tonic-clonic seizures?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1801/full显示答案2018 年,EMA 最终完成了对丙戊酸及其类似物的审查,并建议在妊娠期禁止将这些药物用于癫痫,因为胎儿/儿童存在先天畸形和出现发育问题的风险。然而,对于一些可能无法停用丙戊酸的癫痫女性来说,可能需要在妊娠期适当的专科护理下继续接受治疗。[44]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. EMA/145600/2018. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf 在美国,对于妊娠期的癫痫,标准临床实践为,仅在其他替代药物不被接受或无效时,才开具丙戊酸及其类似物的治疗处方。如果患者正在服用药物以预防严重癫痫发作并计划备孕,那么应根据个体来决定是继续使用丙戊酸还是更换为替代药物。在欧洲和美国,除非已实施妊娠预防计划并且符合特定的条件,否则丙戊酸及其类似物不得用于育龄期女性患者。[44]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. EMA/145600/2018. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf
三线选择包括乙琥胺、托吡酯和唑尼沙胺。
即使是治疗期间多年无癫痫发作的患者,撤消治疗通常会引起癫痫复发。
不明确的癫痫综合征
有时,儿童无法确诊属于某一种癫痫综合征。在该类病例中,必须根据个体患者情况调整抗惊厥药治疗,例如根据年龄、性别和共病。首选单药治疗。
良好的一线选择包括丙戊酸盐、拉莫三嗪、左乙拉西坦、卡马西平和托吡酯。丙戊酸盐的耐受性优于托吡酯,比拉莫三嗪更为有效,仍是许多全身性和未分类癫痫患者的首选药物治疗。[99]Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, et al; SANAD Study group. The SANAD study of effectiveness of valproate, lamotrigine, or topiramate for generalised and unclassifiable epilepsy: an unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007 Mar 24;369(9566):1016-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2039891/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17382828?tool=bestpractice.com癫痫发作控制:有良好的证据证明,在未分类的全身性癫痫患者中,丙戊酸盐的耐受性优于托吡酯,且较拉莫三嗪更为有效。[99]Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, et al; SANAD Study group. The SANAD study of effectiveness of valproate, lamotrigine, or topiramate for generalised and unclassifiable epilepsy: an unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007 Mar 24;369(9566):1016-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2039891/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17382828?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 2018 年,EMA 最终完成了对丙戊酸及其类似物的审查,并建议在妊娠期禁止将这些药物用于癫痫,因为胎儿/儿童存在先天畸形和出现发育问题的风险。然而,对于一些可能无法停用丙戊酸的癫痫女性来说,可能需要在妊娠期适当的专科护理下继续接受治疗。[44]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. EMA/145600/2018. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf 在美国,对于妊娠期的癫痫,标准临床实践为,仅在其他替代药物不被接受或无效时,才开具丙戊酸及其类似物的治疗处方。如果患者正在服用药物以预防严重癫痫发作并计划备孕,那么应根据个体来决定是继续使用丙戊酸还是更换为替代药物。在欧洲和美国,除非已实施妊娠预防计划并且符合特定的条件,否则丙戊酸及其类似物不得用于育龄期女性患者。[44]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. EMA/145600/2018. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf
当将托吡酯作为辅助用药与另一种抗惊厥药联用治疗迁延性强直阵挛性发作时,或者作为单药用于治疗耐药性强直阵挛发作时,其耐受性良好且有效。[100]Wirrell E, Camfield C, Camfield P, et al. Prognostic significance of failure of the initial antiepileptic drug in children with absence epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2001 Jun;42(6):760-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11422332?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Biton V, Montouris GD, Ritter F, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled study of topiramate in primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Topiramate YTC Study Group. Neurology. 1999 Apr 22;52(7):1330-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10227614?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Wheless JW. Use of topiramate in childhood generalized seizure disorders. J Child Neurol. 2000;15(suppl 1):S7-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11218056?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Wheless JW, Neto W, Wang S; EPMN-105 Study Group. Topiramate, carbamazepine, and valproate monotherapy: double-blind comparison in children with newly diagnosed epilepsy. J Child Neurol. 2004 Feb;19(2):135-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15072107?tool=bestpractice.com癫痫发作控制:有中等质量的证据证明,在新确诊的混合型癫痫患者中,托吡酯单药治疗与其他抗惊厥药同样有效。[100]Wirrell E, Camfield C, Camfield P, et al. Prognostic significance of failure of the initial antiepileptic drug in children with absence epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2001 Jun;42(6):760-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11422332?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Wheless JW, Neto W, Wang S; EPMN-105 Study Group. Topiramate, carbamazepine, and valproate monotherapy: double-blind comparison in children with newly diagnosed epilepsy. J Child Neurol. 2004 Feb;19(2):135-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15072107?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
可以尝试的其他药物包括奥卡西平、苯巴比妥和苯妥英。通常不推荐皮质类固醇。[104]Mehta V, Ferrie CD, Cross JH, et al. Corticosteroids including ACTH for childhood epilepsy other than epileptic spasms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(6):CD005222.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005222.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26086765?tool=bestpractice.com