腹水患者出现自发性细菌性腹膜炎 (SBP) 的总体发病率和患病率具体不详。研究发现因失代偿期肝硬化收住院的腹水患者 SBP 的失代偿期肝硬化出现腹水的患病率为 12%、肝性脑病为 18%、急性消化道出血为 10%-14%。[4]Borzio M, Salerno F, Piantoni L, et al. Bacterial infection in patients with advanced cirrhosis: a multicentre prospective study. Dig Liver Dis. 2001;33:41-48.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11303974?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Dhiman RK, Makharia JK, Jain S, et al. Ascites and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in fulminant hepatic failure. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:223-238.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10638590?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Blaise M, Pateron D, Trinchet JC, et al. Systemic antibiotic therapy prevents bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients presenting with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Hepatology. 1994;20:34-38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8020902?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Bleichner G, Boulanger R, Squara P, et al. Frequency of infections in cirrhotic patients presenting with acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Br J Surg. 1986;73:724-726.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3489499?tool=bestpractice.com门诊行腹腔穿刺的无症状患者中,SBP 的患病率为 2.5%。[8]Evans LT, Kim WR, Poterucha JJ, et al. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in asymptomatic outpatients with cirrhotic ascites. Hepatology. 2003;37:897-901.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jhep.2003.50119/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12668984?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Jeffries MA, Stern MA, Gunaratnam NT, et al. Unsuspected infection is infrequent in asymptomatic outpatients with refractory ascites undergoing therapeutic paracentesis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:2972-2976.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10520854?tool=bestpractice.com除了与性别或种族相关的腹水本身之外,没有数据表明 SBP 与性别或种族相关。
尽管 SBP 可发生在恶性肿瘤引起的腹水患者中,但更常见于终末期肝病合并腹水患者。
近期 SBP 病原学的流行病学发生了变化,特别的是,革兰阳性球菌感染率增加。研究表明这些变化与终末期肝病患者长期住院治疗和初次 SBP 后预防性应用抗生素有关,可能是因为最常用的预防性抗生素对革兰阴性菌的抑制比革兰阳性菌明显。[10]Cholongitas E, Papatheodoridis GV, Lahanas A, et al. Increasing frequency of Gram-positive bacteria in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Liver Int. 2005;25:57-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15698399?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Campillo B, Richardet JP, Kheo T, et al. Nosocomial spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and bacteremia in cirrhotic patients: impact of isolate type on prognosis and characteristics of infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:1-10.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/1/1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12060868?tool=bestpractice.com然而,革兰阴性细菌仍然是 SBP 最常见的病原体。