已有研究报道,自发性细菌性腹膜炎 (SBP) 的一年复发率高达 69%。[128]Tito L, Rimola A, Gines P, et al. Recurrence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: frequency and predictive factors. Hepatology. 1988;8:27-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3257456?tool=bestpractice.com对比抗生素治疗方案的随机对照临床试验已表明,住院死亡率为 10-28%。[44]Ricart E, Soriano G, Novella MT, et al. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid versus cefotaxime in the therapy of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol. 2000;32:596-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10782908?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Felisart J, Rimola A, Arroyo V, et al. Cefotaxime is more effective than is ampicillin-tobramycin in cirrhotics with severe infections. Hepatology. 1985;5:457-462.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3888810?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Chen TA, Lo GH, Lai KH, et al. Single daily amikacin versus cefotaxime in the short-course treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotics. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:6823-6827.http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v11/i43/6823.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16425390?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Angeli P, Guarda S, Fasolato S, et al. Switch therapy with ciprofloxacin vs. intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis: similar efficacy at lower cost. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:75-84.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02706.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16393283?tool=bestpractice.com20 世纪 80 年代的 SBP 的病死率为 50%,90 年代的死亡率降至 40%。[45]Strauss E, Caly WR. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a therapeutic update. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2006;4:249-260.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16597206?tool=bestpractice.com病死率的降低可能与抗生素应用的门槛低有关,当时采用了腹水绝对中性粒细胞计数 (ANC)<250 个细胞/mm^3 诊断 SBP 的标准,也与早期应用广谱抗生素和有效的抗生素的使用有关。无并发症的 SBP 患者的感染相关病死率低至 0%。[100]Navasa M, Follo A, Llovet JM, et al. Randomized, comparative study of oral ofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology. 1996;111:1011-1017.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8831596?tool=bestpractice.com[118]Runyon BA, McHutchinson JG, Antillon MR, et al. Short-course versus long-course antibiotic treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a randomized controlled study of 100 patients. Gastroenterology. 1991;100:1737-1742.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2019378?tool=bestpractice.comSBP 后的 1 年生存率为 30%-50%,2 年生存率为 25%-30%。由于肝移植后的生存率更高,所以患者可考虑肝移植。[1]Rimola A, Garcia-Tsao G, Navasa M, et al. Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a consensus document. J Hepatol. 2000;32:142-153.http://www.jhep-elsevier.com/article/PIIS0168827800802019/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10673079?tool=bestpractice.com
一项关于 SBP 患者预后因素的系统回顾研究发现,肾功能不全是预测死亡的最重要的独立指标。肾功能不全的 SBP 患者的住院病死率是 67%,而肾功能正常的 SBP 患者是 11%。[129]Tandon P, Garcia-Tsao G. Renal dysfunction is the most important independent predictor of mortality in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9:260-265.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21145427?tool=bestpractice.com